A new generalized travel cost based connectivity metric applied to Scandinavian airports

This article proposes a new, generalized travel cost based method to operationalize network accessibility provided by airports. The approach is novel as it integrates features of network topology with multiple quality aspects of scheduled air transport services into one metric. The method estimates generalized travel costs for the full set of feasible travel paths between an airport and all network destinations. Rooftop modeling accounts for schedule delay and isolates the most cost-efficient travel paths per O-D relation. Respecting the assumed arrival time preference of passengers and adjusting for destination importance, connectivity scores are derived. The method is then applied to explore changes in the global connectivity pattern of Scandinavian airports from 2004 to 2018. The results suggest distinct spatial differences throughout the network, but less pronounced in size than suggested by popularly applied connectivity measures. Findings also highlight the importance of the geographical location as a determinate of an airport’s connectivity.     

Benefit of speed reduction for ships in different weather conditions

Currently, the shipping industry is facing a great challenge of reducing emissions. Reducing ship speeds will reduce the emissions in the immediate future with no additional infrastructure. However, a detailed investigation is required to verify the claim that a 10% speed reduction would lead to 19% fuel savings (Faber et al., 2012).This paper investigates fuel savings due to speed reduction using detailed modeling of ship performance. Three container ships, two bulk carriers, and one tanker, representative of the shipping fleet, have been designed. Voyages have been simulated by modeling calm water resistance, wave resistance, propulsion efficiency, and engine limits. Six ships have been simulated in various weather conditions at different speeds. Potential fuel savings have been estimated for a range of speed reductions in realistic weather.It is concluded that the common assumption of cubic speed-power relation can cause a significant error in the estimation of bunker consumption. Simulations in different seasons have revealed that fuel savings due to speed reduction are highly weather dependent. Therefore, a simple way to include the effect of weather in shipping transport models has been proposed.Speed reduction can lead to an increase in the number of ships to fulfill the transport demand. Therefore, the emission reduction potential of speed reduction strategy, after accounting for the additional ships, has been studied. Surprisingly, when the speed is reduced by 30%, fuel savings vary from 2% to 45% depending on ship type, size and weather conditions. Fuel savings further reduce when the auxiliary engines are considered.     

Using GPS-data to determine optimum electric vehicle ranges: A Michigan case study

Fuel-switching personal transportation from gasoline to electricity offers many advantages, including lower noise, zero local air pollution, and petroleum-independence. But alleviations of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are more nuanced, due to many factors, including the car’s battery range. We use GPS-based trip data to determine use type-specific, GHG-optimized ranges. The dataset comprises 412 cars and 384,869 individual trips in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. We use previously developed algorithms to determine driver types, such as using the car to commute or not. Calibrating an existing life cycle GHG model to a forecast, low-carbon grid for Ann Arbor, we find that the optimum range varies not only with the drive train architecture (plugin-hybrid versus battery-only) and charging technology (fast versus slow) but also with the driver type. Across the 108 scenarios we investigated, the range that yields lowest GHG varies from 65 km (55+ year old drivers, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid) to 158 km (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only). The optimum GHG reduction that electric cars offer – here conservatively measured versus gasoline-only hybrid cars – is fairly stable, between 29% (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only) and 46% (commuters, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid). The electrification of total distances is between 66% and 86%. However, if cars do not have the optimum range, these metrics drop substantially. We conclude that matching the range to drivers’ typical trip distances, charging technology, and drivetrain is a crucial pre-requisite for electric vehicles to achieve their highest potential to reduce GHG emissions in personal transportation.     

招聘问题的数学模型

对招聘过程中多个定性因素,采用了模糊语言评估,用等级测评法将各类指标模糊量化;运用了多属性决策中的目标规划,引入权重对同一优先级上的不同评价指标进行综合分析,从而解决了不同优先级上各级的择优选择问题;并针对不考虑应聘者志愿和考虑应聘者志愿两种不同情况,分别给出了两种录用分配方案。     

基于 VAR 模型的区域交通运输需求与GDP 的关系实证分析

为研究区域交通运输需求和经济发展之间的关系,运用协整理论进行实证分析,选取1985—2013年重庆货运周转量、客运周转量、GDP数据,建立交通运输需求与经济之间的VAR模型,运用脉冲响应和方差分解对系统进行动态分析。结果表明：交通运输需求和GDP之间存在长期协整关系,GDP带动交通运输业的发展,交通运输业对GDP的贡献率较小;但随着交通运输业的不断发展,在逐渐加大对区域经济的推动作用。最后根据实证分析的结论,对重庆市交通运输业的发展提出相关建议。     

各种运输方式协调发展模式探讨

基于江苏省交通运输现状,通过计算各种运输方式的外部广义费用,结合江苏省交通运输的实际情况,提出优先发展公路运输、铁路运输和公路、铁路运输兼顾发展的3种运输模式。根据外部广义费用计算结果,分析比较3种运输模式优劣势,最后基于公路运输为主,适度提高铁路运输的公、铁、水3种交通运输方式协调发展的综合运输模式的建议。     

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概要地介绍了“十五”国家科技攻关计划项目“中国智能交通系统发展战略研究”的主要内容和结论，该研究站在全局的高度，围绕国家综合交通的发展目标，深入地分析了我国交通运输的需求和必须解决的重大问题，客观评价了国际和国内智能交通的发展水平以及我国的差距，提出未来10～15年我国智能交通发展的指导思想、战略目标、各阶段的重点战略目标及保障措施和建议等。课题的研究成果将为编制我国智能交通的发展规划提供科学依据。     

希斯罗机场公共交通集疏运网络研究

分析了英国伦敦希斯罗机场的公共交通集疏运网络中的轨道交通线路、城市公交线路以及长途汽车网络,提出了大型枢纽机场建立公共交通集疏运网络的过程中可能会遭遇的问题以及处理的手段。以此为借鉴,对我国大型枢纽机场集疏运网络的规划与建设提出了建议。     

Analytical Approach to Evaluating Transit Signal Priority

Successful deployment of transit signal priority (TSP) systems requires thorough laboratory evaluation before field implementation. Traffic simulation is a powerful tool in this regard; however, it requires tremendous efforts toward network coding, data collection, and model calibration. Besides, simulation models tend to be project specific, and the models developed for one project are often discarded upon the completion of that project. In this paper, it is shown that the impacts of two fundamental TSP strategies (early green and extended green) can be evaluated using an analytical approach. The impacts of the above two strategies on both the prioritized and the nonprioritized approaches are illustrated using graphical as well as analytical methods. A simulation study is then conducted for comparison analyses, followed by a statistical approach for the test of generality.     

单交叉口公交信号优先控制策略建模研究

为研究公交信号优先策略对交叉口公交车及社会车辆的影响,建立公交信号优先控制模型及延误模型,以采取公交优先方式后交叉口所有车辆的人总延误减小为控制目标,引入效益指数PI,以信号交叉口优先相位获得的效益与非优先相位损失效益的差值来衡量整体效益,使得每一次采取的公交优先策略都能提高信号交叉口的整体效益。结果表明:在信号交叉口采取信号优先控制策略后,交叉口车辆的人总延误显著降低。本研究成果对其他信号优先控制方式模型、交叉口群公交优先协调控制等具有一定的参考价值和理论意义。