Reducing car dependence in the heart of Europe: lessons from Germany,Austria, and Switzerland

Munich, Berlin, Hamburg, Vienna, and Zurich – the largest cities in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland – have significantly reduced the car share of trips over the past 25 years in spite of high motorisation rates. The key to their success has been a coordinated package of mutually reinforcing transport and land-use policies that have made car use slower, less convenient, and more costly, while increasing the safety, convenience, and feasibility of walking, cycling, and public transport. The mix of policies implemented in each city has been somewhat different. The German cities have done far more to promote cycling, while Zurich and Vienna offer more public transport service per capita at lower fares. All five of the cities have implemented roughly the same policies to promote walking, foster compact mixed-use development, and discourage car use. Of the car-restrictive policies, parking management has been by far the most important. The five case study cities demonstrate that it is possible to reduce car dependence even in affluent societies with high levels of car ownership and high expectations for quality of travel.     

A commuting model for the analysis of the impacts of a tramway project: application to the Lens area

Road congestion is not only an issue for major European urban agglomerations, but also for smaller ones. It is also the case of the Lens urban area, where car use is much higher than the average for medium-sized urban agglomerations in France. Local authorities put forward tramway projects to deal with the strongly negative externalities of congestion: travel time losses and pollution. To analyse its medium-term impact, we have developed a commuting with congestion model, inspired by the four-step traditional model, but with data made available from an origin–destination matrix. The results are encouraging but insufficient, and it is necessary to adopt supplementary measures in order to retrieve and justify the sizeable investments needed. Some measures prove to be very efficient, such as parking fees and urban tolls. Other measures, such as the subsidization of public transport, are partially efficient since they have an impact mainly on intra-urban commutes.     

Modeling the interaction between buses,passengers and cars on a bus route using a multi-agent system

This paper models part of a public transport network (PTN), specifically, a bus route, as a small-size multi-agent system (MAS). The proposed approach is applied to a case study considering a ‘real world’ bus line within the PTN in Auckland, New Zealand. The MAS-based analysis uses modeling and simulation to examine the characteristics of the observed system – autonomous agents interacting with one another – under different scenarios, considering bus capacity and frequency of service for existing and projected public transport (PT) demand. A simulation model of a bus route is developed, calibrated and validated. Several results are attained, such as when the PT passenger load is not close to bus capacity, this load has no effect on average passenger waiting time at bus stops. The model proposed can be useful to practitioners as a tool to model the interaction between buses and other agents.     

基于案例推理的交通基础设施PPP项目再谈判触发点识别研究

为了减少再谈判的发生,降低管理成本,提高效率,提出基于案例推理的再谈判触发点识别模型。首先,运用粗糙集理论对初始案例特征属性进行约简,并综合使用熵权法和层次分析法对各案例特征属性权重进行优化; 然后,通过案例总体相似度检索与拟建PPP项目相似的源案例,识别出拟建项目最有可能发生的再谈判触发点; 最后,以深圳梧桐山隧道PPP项目为例,验证模型的合理性与有效性,同时,提出相应的事前预防措施。     

Does working from home reduce CO2 emissions? An analysis of travel patterns as dictated by workplaces

This research provides new evidence about the relationship between travel behavior, workplace diversification, and environmental impact in the United Kingdom using data from the National Travel Survey for the period between 2002 and 2017. The path analysis approach based on SEM handles both direct and indirect effects and allows for a comprehensive study of travel behavior, trade-off effects, and work and non-work trips. The results suggest that workplace diversification is often reflected by longer average distances for work trips, which are often associated with more remote residential locations. Findings also show that for some categories, such as teleworkers and home-based workers, trade-off effects are observed between work and non-work trips, which increase CO2 emission levels.     

荷载作用下单裂缝锂渣混凝土的氯离子传输试验

目前有关混凝土结构耐久性设计大多是依据完整混凝土的研究,实际的混凝土结构多是带有裂缝的多相复合材料,这在一定程度上高估了混凝土结构的服役寿命。通过化学滴定法测量混凝土中自由氯离子含量,系统研究锂渣的掺量、荷载大小、裂缝宽度对自由氯离子时空分布的影响,并根据Fick第二定律计算氯离子的扩散系数。结果表明： 在硫酸盐与氯盐混合溶液中,自由氯离子含量显著降低,硫酸根离子能够有效减缓氯离子在混凝土中的传输; 掺加20%锂渣能够减小氯离子在混凝土中的传输速率; 混凝土中的氯离子传输速率随着荷载和裂缝宽度的增加而增加。     

Analytic hierarchy process application in selecting the mode of transport for a logistics company

As a multi‐criteria decision‐making (MCDM) method, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has been used considerably to solve hierarchical or network‐based decision problems in socio‐economic fields. Following an in‐depth explanation of the transport function in logistics and an overview of the MCDM methods, the AHP model is employed in the paper for a logistics company in selecting the most suitable way of transportation between two given locations in Turkey. The criteria used in the selection of transportation modes are identified as the cost, speed, safety, accessibility, reliability, environmental friendliness, and flexibility. Several cost parameters (transportation, storage, handling, bosphorus crossover) are incorporated into the decision‐making process. The application is carried out in instructional character. The results of the study indicate that the railway transportation, which is not widely used in Turkey, is also an alternative and suitable means of transportation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

公路客运发展的系统动态学模型

通过对公路客运发展的系统动态学模型的介绍,阐述了公路客运与国民经济保持同步增长的必然性,并对公路客运发展趋势进行分析预测。     

铁路客运信息查询算法

铁路客运信息查询算法是建立在数据库基础上的.为用户提供全国范围内任意两个车站之间合理的乘车方案,该算法需要建立的数据库包括:车次表、车站表、时刻表和相关局表,通过这些基本数据库,使用中转算法可以产生中转站表,从而构成铁路客运信息查询算法的基础.当用户任意给定两个车站时,查询算法能在短时间内给出合理的乘车路线、乘车车次、乘车时间以及中转位置等信息,用户可以利用这些信息指导自己的铁路旅行.     

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奥运期间小汽车限行政策的实施,有效缓解了北京道路交通拥堵。本文通过措施实施前后收集的居民入户调查数据,定量分析了限行措施对居民出行特征的影响,研究发现：限行政策实施后,居民总体出行率由1.88次/日降低到1.70次/日,上下学、接送人和工作外出等出行比例明显降低;私人机动车出行强度降低0.07次/（天&;#8226;辆）,乘载率提高0.10人/车;公务车出行强度增加0.70次/（天&;#8226;辆）,乘载率提高0.32人/车;地铁、公交和小汽车出行时耗分别缩短了12 min,8 min和8 min。