新建包海通道西安至安康高速铁路速度目标值研究

随着中西部高速铁路的建设发展,在地形复杂地区选择经济合理的速度目标值方案,对于工程投资、运输质量、路网意义等方面尤为重要。新建西安至安康高速铁路行经秦巴山区,为合理确定速度目标值方案,结合西安至安康高速铁路为西渝高铁组成部分的特点,首先对西渝高铁速度目标值进行统筹研究,在分析客流特征、时间目标值的基础上,采用综合分析法、比较法对不同方案进行论证分析,推荐符合功能定位、与路网协调统一、经济性最优的350 km/h方案;进而对西安至安康高速铁路速度目标值进行细化研究,推荐与西渝高铁一致的350 km/h方案。研究结论满足西安至安康高速铁路的运输需求,与区域路网相协调,工程规模及投资水平适中,综合效益最优;同时对西渝高铁安康至重庆段标准选择提供技术支撑。     

西安地铁2号线行政中心站空间设计探究

随着国内地铁建设的快速发展,地铁站的空间设计显得越来越重要。以西安地铁2号线行政中心站的空间设计为例,通过对行政中心站所处的城市环境、功能分区以及空间构成特点的分析和研究,提出地铁空间的合理设计,需要在充分满足功能的基础上,有效利用公共空间的界面、导向、灯光等元素来展示地域文化特色。这样不仅能提升地铁站的空间品质、突出空间的可读性,更能带给乘客丰富的乘车体验和地域感受。对国内地铁的建设有着积极的借鉴意义。     

论轨道交通对珠三角区域经济一体化的促进作用

珠三角区域城市群的崛起扩大了区域内交通需求规模,改变了交通需求结构,需要尽快形成以轨道交通网为骨干的区域快速公交走廊。阐述了轨道交通的建设与发展对区域经济一体化发展具有的经济诱发、开发先导、区位再造和资源创造等四大功能。提出了加强规划协调、创新发展理念、优化体制机制和给予政策支持等四方面的措施建议,以充分发挥轨道交通对珠三角区域经济一体化的促进作用。     

运用经济杠杆长效治理超载超限运输

分析了经济利益贯穿的货主—运输业户—车辆生产、改装厂家的超载超限运输链条的成因、现状和危害;提出了要从以核定载质量为依据转而以货车实际总重和轴载限额为依据对货车实施计重收费的思路,通过区别对待,体现公平,分步推进,累积治理,实现运用经济杠杆,达到长效治理超载超限运输的目的;阐述了江苏、河南、青海等省份实行计重收费所产生的积极效果以及他们推广的安排;提出在计重收费方法以及低速动态轴载称重设备精度、可靠度和价格方面还需要进一步探讨。     

公路交通经济增长中的制度因素分析

在总结传统的经济增长理论(资本决定论、技术进步论、人力资本论、专业化的人力资本和特殊知识积累论)的基础上,采用新制度经济学的分析方法,对建国以来中国公路交通的制度变迁和经济绩效及其相互关系进行了实证分析,指出了制度在公路交通发展中的极端重要性;提出了"生产要素的制度性边界"这一概念,指出制度边界具有随经济、技术等因素变化而不断变化的特性,在此基础上建立了新的经济增长分析框架和模型;为打破制度的"低度均衡",扩展生产要素的制度边界,最后提出了关于加快制度创新的建议。     

收费公路计重定价理论模型

为了遏制超限运输,解决公路通行费征收中的不公平问题,必须改变目前按车型收费的计费模式,实施计重收费。建立计重收费的定价理论模型是推动这种收费方式健康发展的关键。在提出计重收费定义和类型的基础上,根据公路的准公共产品特性,分析了各种价格结构管制定价模式的特点,提出公路收费宜采用非线性的"两部定价"理论模型。结合收费公路费用分摊的具体方法,给出了收费公路计重定价理论模型,并对相关参数进行了标定。该模型已在江苏省和青海省计重收费标准制定中使用。     

Performance Evaluation of Hybrid-Drive Buses and Potential Fuel Savings in Brazilian Urban Transit

Transporting more than 55 million passengers per day, buses are the main transit mode in Brazil. Most of these vehicles use diesel oil and this situation causes dependence on oil, extensive greenhouse gas emissions and increasing air pollution in urban areas. In order to improve this situation the options for Brazilian cities include the use of alternative fuels and new propulsion technologies, such as hybrid vehicles. This article proposes a procedure for evaluating the performance of a recently developed Brazilian hybrid-drive technology. A simple procedure is presented to compare hybrid-drive buses with conventional diesel buses in urban operation focusing on fuel economy and the potential for reducing diesel oil consumption through the use of hybrid-drive buses. Field tests carried out by the authors indicate that fuel consumption improvement through the use of hybrid-drive buses would certainly exceed 20%, resulting in lower fuel costs and reduced carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions.     

治理公路超载超限运输的长效机制和对策研究

为建立治理超载超限运输的长效机制,首先建立了运输企业收入的计量模型,分析了企业利润与运输价格、运输成本、超载罚款等变量之间的互动关系及企业获得最大利润的条件。在此基础上,针对中国道路货运市场结构的特点,从理性经济人的角度,对运输企业在“惩罚博弈”下可能的行为选择进行了研究;其次结合美国治理超载超限运输的经验,分析了不同执法强度和执法密度组合的执法策略及其适用条件、执法效果等,对中国治理超载超限运输提出了解决方案和具体的政策建议,对中国治理超载超限运输具有指导意义。     

Customizing driving cycles to support vehicle purchase and use decisions: Fuel economy estimation for alternative fuel vehicle users

Wider deployment of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) can help with increasing energy security and transitioning to clean vehicles. Ideally, adopters of AFVs are able to maintain the same level of mobility as users of conventional vehicles while reducing energy use and emissions. Greater knowledge of AFV benefits can support consumers’ vehicle purchase and use choices. The Environmental Protection Agency’s fuel economy ratings are a key source of potential benefits of using AFVs. However, the ratings are based on pre-designed and fixed driving cycles applied in laboratory conditions, neglecting the attributes of drivers and vehicle types. While the EPA ratings using pre-designed and fixed driving cycles may be unbiased they are not necessarily precise, owning to large variations in real-life driving. Thus, to better predict fuel economy for individual consumers targeting specific types of vehicles, it is important to find driving cycles that can better represent consumers’ real-world driving practices instead of using pre-designed standard driving cycles. This paper presents a methodology for customizing driving cycles to provide convincing fuel economy predictions that are based on drivers’ characteristics and contemporary real-world driving, along with validation efforts. The methodology takes into account current micro-driving practices in terms of maintaining speed, acceleration, braking, idling, etc., on trips. Specifically, using a large-scale driving data collected by in-vehicle Global Positioning System as part of a travel survey, a micro-trips (building block) library for California drivers is created using 54 million seconds of vehicle trajectories on more than 60,000 trips, made by 3000 drivers. To generate customized driving cycles, a new tool, known as Case Based System for Driving Cycle Design, is developed. These customized cycles can predict fuel economy more precisely for conventional vehicles vis-à-vis AFVs. This is based on a consumer’s similarity in terms of their own and geographical characteristics, with a sample of micro-trips from the case library. The AFV driving cycles, created from real-world driving data, show significant differences from conventional driving cycles currently in use. This further highlights the need to enhance current fuel economy estimations by using customized driving cycles, helping consumers make more informed vehicle purchase and use decisions.