A list of accident scenarios for three legs skewed intersections

The term ‘scenario’ is used in the safety field to designate a prototype or a model of an accident process characterised by chains of facts, actions, causal relations and consequences in terms of damage to people and property. The prototypical scenarios, properly realized, provide a basis on which to consider the action to be taken, but also a concrete backup for accident information for use in information campaigns or training. The objective of this study is to define the prototypical accident scenarios for a particular configuration of road intersection: the skewed intersection. Limited sight distance at skewed intersections leads to safety issues. A non-skewed intersection provides the best operating conditions as drivers can easily sense the direction in which they are travelling, estimate the speeds of the opposing traffic and smoothly complete a maneuver in shorter time. In skewed intersections, instead, the ability of drivers to recognize any conflicting vehicles diminishes in comparison to right-angle intersections. The logical-deductive approach used in this paper for the determination of accident scenarios is based on an analysis of a large database of incidents, which occurred on several roads in eastern Sicily on 35 skewed intersections at three-legs. The skew angle of the minor leg of all the intersections studied is between 15° and 20°. This research allowed to develop accident scenarios related to particular configurations of intersections, compatible with the Italian rules. Prototypical scenarios are constructed using samples of accidents occurring on a particular type of study area, especially when they are based on files from in-depth investigations. The method used is an inductive approach, based on an examination of each case, grouping together similar cases and building a prototypical scenario using this case grouping. From the in-depth analysis of database accidents 9 prototypical accident scenarios have been identified for the skewed intersections.     

Factors with the greatest influence on drivers' judgment of roundabouts safety. An analysis based on web survey in Italy

The aim of this paper is to identify the roundabout geometric characteristics affecting the safety perception while the typical maneuvers (entry, circulation, exit) are being carried out. The tool used was an on-line questionnaire, filled out by about 1.650 respondents. Four different dimensionality reduction methods (Cluster Analysis, Correspondence Analysis, Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis) were used to analyze the data collected from the survey, in order to examine the key factors affecting the safety perception during the typical roundabout maneuvers. The considerations arising from the final model are the following: 1) the respondents' opinions regarding the safety perception of maneuvers are not preconceived ideas, but they originate from specific safety perceptions due to roundabout geometric configurations; 2) the users prefer definitely single lane roundabouts; this is an important confirmation of most results in the literature; 3) it was quantified the extent of the relationship between the safety perception of the typical roundabout maneuvers and the following aspects: a) maneuver type, b) geometric characteristics of the roundabouts design elements. This is the innovative aspect of the present research whose results have implications regarding theory, infrastructure and the application of new safety technologies.     

Urban travel time reliability at different traffic conditions

The decision making of travelers for route choice and departure time choice depends on the expected travel time and its reliability. A common understanding of reliability is that it is related to several statistical properties of the travel time distribution, especially to the standard deviation of the travel time and also to the skewness. For an important corridor in Changsha (P.R. China) the travel time reliability has been evaluated and a linear model is proposed for the relationship between travel time, standard deviation, skewness, and some other traffic characteristics. Statistical analysis is done for both simulation data from a delay distribution model and for real life data from automated number plate recognition (ANPR) cameras. ANPR data give unbiased travel time data, which is more representative than probe vehicles. The relationship between the mean travel time and its standard deviation is verified with an analytical model for travel time distributions as well as with the ANPR travel times. Average travel time and the standard deviation are linearly correlated for single links as well as corridors. Other influence factors are related to skewness and travel time standard deviations, such as vehicle density and degree of saturation. Skewness appears to be less well to explain from traffic characteristics than the standard deviation is.     

基于山区复杂路段下的车辆主动限速控制系统研究

山区复杂路段交通事故频发,行车安全问题亟待解决,因此研究该路段下的主动限速控制技术具有重要意义。本文阐述了主动限速控制系统的原理与构成,并且对车辆的运行安全车速进行了分析与建模,提出了主动限速的控制策略。最后通过对该系统软硬件进行了调试,初步验证了其可行性比较合理,能够指导驾驶人的行车安全。     

南非规范与中国规范中汽车荷载对比研究

为给我国涉外桥梁工程项目设计提供参考,对我国与南非桥梁设计规范中汽车荷载效应进行对比研究。采用铰接板梁法和刚接梁法,计算常用跨径的单片简支梁在南非与中国规范汽车活载作用下的横向分布系数。在此基础上,通过对简支梁及整体式连续梁的纵向影响线加载,分析2种规范中考虑汽车活载纵、横向分布后的差异。对比发现,对于常用中小跨径的简支、连续梁,南非规范汽车活载效应均高出中国规范30%以上;对于简支T梁跨中截面及连续梁支点截面,南非规范汽车活载效应高出中国规范35%~80%。即便考虑到两国规范中汽车冲击效应计入方式的不同,南非规范汽车活载也大于中国规范规定值。     

杭州地下空间发展展望与研究

地下空间作为城市有机体的一部分,在未来城市建设中担任着重要的角色。文章分析杭州城市地下空间(地下交通设施、地下综合体、地下市政设施、人防设施)发展的特点。从开发总量与人均水平、空间分布与开发深度、开发功能3个方面介绍杭州市地下空间开发利用的现状,分析其存在的问题主要为政策及管理方面与功能开发方面。同时介绍未来杭州地下城的发展策略,并展望其发展蓝图。最后分析杭州市地下空间开发建设过程中亟待思考与解决的工程技术问题,包括:特殊地质及工程技术问题(粉土、粉砂地层,淤泥地层,上软下硬地层等问题;近接施工技术,地下立交技术等)、地下工程防灾问题、景区环境保护问题、地下空间全生命周期数字化工程。     

遵义市子尹路南延线长距离双连拱隧道快速施工技术

为解决双连拱隧道独头掘进不能提前施工中隔墙进而导致正洞无法开挖的问题,子尹路南延线隧道工程提出"三导洞+联络通道"的施工方法,这在国内尚属首次提出和应用。介绍该工法的基本原理,详细阐述其在子尹路南延线隧道工程中的实施过程。得到的主要结论如下:1)通过设置联络通道及组织洞内多次交通转换,使得中隔墙得以提前施工,实现了快速施工;2)通过确定合理施工步序,采用拱架密排对联络通道处加固、加强监测等措施确保了施工过程的安全。     

基于有效绿灯时间利用率的自适应控制策略研究

为了优化单点交叉口信号控制方案,使其适应各个进口道方向交通流动态变化,提高交叉口通行效率,根据交叉口进口道排队车辆数建立有效绿灯利用率模型,提出了一种交叉口自适应控制策略.有效绿灯时间利用率模型以交叉口通行能力最大为控制参数,实时优化确定出最佳相位放行方案以及最优相位切换方案,根据进口道排队车辆最大流向的排队车辆数和车辆到达预测确定相位放行绿灯时间.利用VISSIM交通仿真软件对该自适应控制策略仿真运行,与定时控制以及感应控制对比,评价分析不同车辆到达情况下交叉口通行情况.结果表明:该自适应控制策略能有效降低车均延误,提高交叉口服务水平.     

雾天高速公路交通安全风险评估

以驾驶模拟器作为数据采集平台,采集雾天高速公路不同能见度车辆的车头时距数据,对车头时距分区间统计,不做任何假设,克服了仅以天气等级或是车速和能见度作为风险评估的指标、行车安全等级以仿真得到的曲线图来定性判定的缺点。选取能见度和车头时距作为指标,对雾天高速公路的交通安全进行了风险评估。运用 Fisher 最优分割编写 Matlab 程序。将风险分为4级,以车头时距出现的概率结合损失量的大小确定风险分级标准。采用 K 近邻非参数对风险进行预测,训练集及验证集的分类误差均为0.7%,验证该模型具有有效性。     

环形交叉口交织区通行能力的一个新理论模型

为了对环形交叉口采取有效的控制与管理措施,必须提高环形交叉口通行能力计算方法的准确性。以排队论为基础,假设环道上无超车行为,环行车辆的车头时距服从泊松分布,车辆换道时间服从独立同分布,推导出了普遍适用的环形交叉口通行能力理论计算模型。通过仿真模拟验证了该模型的准确性,能更好的适应环形交叉口的规划设计以及我国实际交通状况。