Artificial forces for virtual autonomous ships with encountering situations in restricted waters

ABSTRACT

Even if the same two ships operate in the same encountering situation, the actual strategies and timing of operations may be different. Therefore, the fixed collision avoidance trajectory and ship movements are no longer suitable for simulating the real ship behaviour. This paper tries to develop an artificial intelligent system that fully sensitive to the local circumstances and command a ship in virtual environment. Based on AIS (Automatic Identification System) data, this study has developed artificial forces which help decision makings on-board independently under different situations and catching the stochastic nature of ship behaviours during collision avoidances manoeuvring. Actual ship tracks are helpful for ascertaining the parameters that contribute to artificial forces in collision avoidances, while the correlation coefficient analysis is helpful to distinguish the parameters. This study will help to develop a navigation traffic simulation to reflect the realistic ship behaviour and provide reliable information for port and waterway planning, risk analysis, and mitigation measures. The method can be used in developing algorithms for autonomous ships. The method introduced in this study lays a foundation for developing artificial forces at intersections or bends, although the model is only applicable in straight channels at the moment.     

船舶物流技术发展探究

本文系统梳理了我国船舶物流技术的发展现状及其成因,进而提出了船上物流标准化、信息化、自动化和智能化的总体发展方案,尤其是融合发展策略,将助推船舶物流技术的发展。     

谈港口国船舶污染物接收设施问题报告的处置

文中探讨了一起国际航行船舶关于港口国船舶污染物接收设施问题报告的调查情况,介绍了此次船舶污染物接收设施问题报告的原因分析及采取的措施,并向接收设施的提供者和使用者给出了优化建议,明确了各有关部门在港口国船舶污染物接收设施履约工作上的重点。     

Simplified buckling-and-contact-based expansion method for assessment of crashworthiness of double-hulled ship structure

Ship-to-ship collision events can have severe consequences such as loss of life and environmental degradation. For this reason, modern ship designs are required to incorporate a double-hulled structure to prevent inner-hull damage from such events. Using the experimental or numerical method to analyze the crashworthiness of double-hulled ship structures entails much effort, for which reason neither method is easy to adopt at the early design stage. In this paper, an existing simplified method called Ito's method is improved by a new buckling-and-contact-based expansion method. This method can be applied to double-hulled-structure or outer-hull-local-rupture failure mode. The perpendicular bow-to-side collision scenario is assumed for a conservative estimation of damage to a double-hulled structure. The method was verified in the present study by numerical ship collision simulations of several cases. The results for the buckling-and-contact-based expansion method and numerical simulation were similar for a blunt shape of striking body but different for a sharp shape.     

Use of localized necking and fracture as a failure criterion in ship collision analysis

This study explores the use of localized necking for failure modeling in maritime crash analysis, using large shell elements. The assumption that the failure of a large shell element occurs simultaneously with the onset of localized necking is revisited. This study particularly investigates the numerical implementation of the localized necking condition and its implications on the results of ship collision analysis involving not only plate rupture but also various failure mechanisms such as the crushing and tearing of web girders, stringers, and their intersections. Through a series of large-scale collision simulations, the effects of bending deformation on the initiation of necking, non-proportional loading paths, and ductile fractures not preceded by localized necking, are investigated. It is demonstrated that a localized necking-based fracture model provides a reasonable, relatively mesh-insensitive estimate of the onset of fracture in the outer hull panels; however, fracture propagation is very sensitive to the numerical implementation of the necking and fracture model, especially for the cases involving the crushing of web frames and stringers.     

大型集装箱船绑扎桥结构优化设计

为有效降低大型集装箱船的空船重量,针对绑扎桥结构轻量化设计进行研究。以某14500TEU集装箱船为研究对象,根据船级社规范要求针对结构设计方案进行有限元计算分析,依次从剪力墙布置、立柱设置和局部尺寸优化等三个层次对原始方案进行优化设计。研究结果表明,优化方案在满足船级社规范要求、保证堆重指标的同时有效降低了绑扎桥的结构重量。本文的设计思路和优化方法可以为今后大型集装箱船绑扎桥的结构设计提供一定参考。     

Analysis of structural crashworthiness of double-hull ships in collision and grounding

A conceptual design framework for collision and grounding analysis is proposed to evaluate the crashworthiness of double-hull structures. This work attempts to simplify the input parameters needed for the analysis, which can be considered as a step towards a design-oriented procedure against collision and grounding. Four typical collision and grounding scenarios are considered: (1) side structure struck by a bulbous bow, (2) side structure struck by a straight bow, (3) bottom raking, (4) bottom stranding. The analyses of these scenarios are based on statistical data of striking ship dimensions, velocities, collision angles and locations, as well as seabed shapes and sizes, grounding depth and location. The evaluation of the damage extent considers the 50- and 90-percentile values from the statistics of collision and grounding accidents. The external dynamics and internal mechanics are combined to analyse systematically the ship structural damage and energy absorption under accidental loadings.     

Tuning of transfer functions for analysis of wave–ship interactions

Transfer functions are often used together with a wave spectrum for analysis of wave–ship interactions, where one application addresses the prediction of wave-induced motions or other types of global responses. This paper presents a simple and practical method which can be used to tune the transfer function of such responses to facilitate improved prediction capability. The input to the method consists of a measured response, i.e. time series sequences from a given sensor, the 2D wave spectrum characterising the seaway in which the measurements are taken, and an initial estimate of the transfer function for the response in study. The paper presents results obtained using data from an in-service container ship. The 2D wave spectra are taken from the ERA5 database, while the transfer function is computed by a simple closed-form expression. The paper shows that the application of the tuned transfer function leads to predictions which are significantly improved compared to using the transfer function without tuning.     

绿色船舶的现状和发展趋势分析

随着绿色生态观念的深入发展和IMO对环保要求的日益严苛,“绿色船舶”和“绿色航运”已成为未来造船业和航运业发展的主旋律,本文对绿色船舶概念和内涵进行了深入的阐述,介绍了国内外绿色船舶及其相关技术发展现状,分析了绿色船舶的发展趋势。     

碰撞危险局面下VTS值班员交通组织及值班用语规范初探

文中以一起典型的VTS覆盖水域船舶碰撞危险事件为例,论述了碰撞危险局面下VTS值班员交通组织的依据、措施建议和值班用语规范,为规范VTS值班员的交通组织标准提供思路.