交叉口行人过街心理及交通行为分析

行人与机动车的冲突是影响交叉口运行效率的重要因素。研究交叉口行人过街心理及行为的意义,分析行人过街过程及心理特征,总结行人过街等待时间、穿行速度特征、可接受间隙、违章行为及道路交通环境对行人心理和行为的影响,对行人的违章心理进行论述,并提出减少行人违章的措施。     

A list of accident scenarios for three legs skewed intersections

The term ‘scenario’ is used in the safety field to designate a prototype or a model of an accident process characterised by chains of facts, actions, causal relations and consequences in terms of damage to people and property. The prototypical scenarios, properly realized, provide a basis on which to consider the action to be taken, but also a concrete backup for accident information for use in information campaigns or training. The objective of this study is to define the prototypical accident scenarios for a particular configuration of road intersection: the skewed intersection. Limited sight distance at skewed intersections leads to safety issues. A non-skewed intersection provides the best operating conditions as drivers can easily sense the direction in which they are travelling, estimate the speeds of the opposing traffic and smoothly complete a maneuver in shorter time. In skewed intersections, instead, the ability of drivers to recognize any conflicting vehicles diminishes in comparison to right-angle intersections. The logical-deductive approach used in this paper for the determination of accident scenarios is based on an analysis of a large database of incidents, which occurred on several roads in eastern Sicily on 35 skewed intersections at three-legs. The skew angle of the minor leg of all the intersections studied is between 15° and 20°. This research allowed to develop accident scenarios related to particular configurations of intersections, compatible with the Italian rules. Prototypical scenarios are constructed using samples of accidents occurring on a particular type of study area, especially when they are based on files from in-depth investigations. The method used is an inductive approach, based on an examination of each case, grouping together similar cases and building a prototypical scenario using this case grouping. From the in-depth analysis of database accidents 9 prototypical accident scenarios have been identified for the skewed intersections.     

无控制交叉口冲突次数的计算方法

本文用概率的方法,就无控制交叉口的冲突进行了研究,提出了冲突次数的计算公式并进行了讨论。     

基于模糊控制的城市交叉路口群信号控制及仿真

提出一种基于模糊逻辑控制的交叉路口群信号控制器，通过收集由交叉路口检测器获得的车流量信息制定模糊控制规则，给出交叉路口绿灯相位和相位转换次序，以控制路口信号，并与相邻路口的信号进行协调。仿真结果表明，该控制器能适应多个路口的车流变化，减少车辆平均延误。     

Modeling delay at signalized intersections with channelized right‐turn lanes considering the impact of blockage

This paper presents a probabilistic delay model for signalized intersections with right‐turn channelization lanes considering the possibility of blockage. Right‐turn channelization is used to improve the capacity and to reduce delay at busy intersections with a lot of right‐turns. However, under heavy traffic conditions the through vehicles will likely block the channelization entrance that accrues delay to right‐turn vehicles. If the right‐turn channelization gets blocked frequently, its advantage in reducing the intersection delay is neglected and as a result the channelization lane becomes inefficient and redundant. The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) neglects the blockage effect, which may be a reason for low efficiency during peak hours. More importantly, using HCM or other standard traffic control methods without considering the blockage effects would lead to underestimation of the delay. To overcome this issue, the authors proposed delay models by taking into account both deterministic and random aspects of vehicles arrival patterns at signalized intersections. The proposed delay model was validated through VISSIM, a microscopic simulation model. The results showed that the proposed model is very precise and accurately estimates the delay. In addition, it was found that the length of short‐lane section and proportion of right‐turn and through traffic significantly influence the approach delay. For operational purposes, the authors provided a step‐by‐step delay calculation process and presented approach delay estimates for different sets of traffic volumes, signal settings, and short‐lane section lengths. The delay estimates would be useful in evaluating adequacy of the current lengths, identifying the options of extending the short‐lane section length, or changing signal timing to reduce the likelihood of blockage. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An exact modelling of the uniform control traffic delay in undersaturated signalized intersections

The average delay experienced by vehicles at a signalized intersection defines the level of service (LOS) at which the intersection operates. A major challenge in this regard is the ability to accurately estimate all the components underlying the overall control delay, including the uniform, incremental and initial queue delays. This paper tackles this challenging task by proposing a novel exact model of the uniform control delay component with a view to enhancing the accuracy of the existing approximate models, notably, the one reported in the Highway Capacity Manual 2010. Both graphical and analytical proofs are employed to derive exact closed‐form expressions for the uniform control delay at undersaturated signalized intersections. The high degree of accuracy of the proposed models is analysed through extensive simulations to demonstrate their abilities to exactly characterize the performance of real‐life intersections in terms of the resulting vehicle delay. Unlike the existing widely adopted uniform delay models, which tend to overestimate the LOS of real‐life intersections, the delay models introduced in this paper have the merit of exactly capturing such a LOS. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

公路平面交叉口交通安全改善措施

公路平面交叉口是交通事故的集中发生地,改善公路平面交叉口交通安全是降低我国交通事故数量的重要途径．通过对江苏省部分国省道公路平面交叉口进行实地交通调查,从交叉口基础设施建设的情况出发,对引起公路平面交叉口交通事故的因素,包括交叉口位置,几何属性情况,交通标志标线,信号设置和交叉口交通环境等方面进行了简要的阐述．根据这些方面存在的交通安全问题提出公路平面交叉口交通安全的主要改善措施,并以实例进行分析说明,为改善公路平面交叉口交通安全提供具体的方向和依据．     

基于机动车比功率的单点信号配时优化模型

为减少车辆延误和交通排放,基于机动车比功率提出信号交叉口红、绿灯期间污染物排放因子的标定方法.根据运筹学和交通流理论,以车辆延误和排放最小为目标建立单点交叉口信号配时优化模型.考虑小汽车尾气中的CO、HC和NOx三种污染物,利用 VISSIM 软件设计交通仿真实验,使用MATLAB软件编制参数标定和模型求解算法,根据车辆行驶状况数据标定每条车道组每种污染物的两类排放因子,并验证双目标信号配时优化模型.结果表明,与仅降低延误相比,双目标优化模型所获最优信号配时方案能使车均延误降低19%、交通排放减少11%.研究成果能有效减少交叉口延误和排放,为建立考虑交通排放的干道信号配时优化模型奠定理论基础.     

干道交通瓶颈交叉口的红波双向协调控制模型

针对当前城市干道瓶颈交叉口交通拥堵状况,从信号控制角度提出了1种红波双向协调控制模型,对于缓解此类问题具有现实意义.模型是在流量均分思想和绿波协调控制时距图分析方法基础上建立的1种双向协调控制模型,能够针对干道瓶颈交叉口上下游交通流不同的交通控制需求分别实施红波协调控制和绿波协调控制,并通过引入红波控制参数,可以满足不同的交通控制策略需求.以佛山市顺德区南国西路为案例,通过对Vissim仿真评价数据进行协调前后对比分析,结果表明模型能够有效减小瓶颈交叉口排队长度39.48%,缩短行程时间22.01%,验证说明了模型的有效性.