无人驾驶车辆城市交叉口周边车辆轨迹预测

针对城市交叉口周边车辆长时轨迹预测问题,搭建路基和实车采集平台采集大量轨迹数据,采用高斯混合模型(Gaussian Mixture Model,GMM)识别目标运动模式,采用高斯过程回归(Gaussian Processes Regression,GPR)模型进行城市交叉口周边车辆轨迹长时预测,采用路基数据集对预测模型...     

Improved driver responses at intersections with red signal countdown timers

Traffic Signal Countdown Timers (TSCTs) are innovative, practical and cost effective technologies with the potential to improve efficiency at signalized intersections. The purpose of these devices is to assist motorists in decision-making at signalized intersections with real-time signal duration information. This study focused specifically on driver responses in the presence of a Red Signal Countdown Timer (RSCT). A Linear Mixed Effect (LME) model was developed to predict the effect of RSCT on the headway of the first vehicle waiting on a red signal. The model predicted 0.72 s reduction in the headway of the first queued vehicle resulting from the presence of RSCT, while the observed difference in mean headway was 0.82 s. This result is suggestive of a reduction in start-up lost time at signalized intersections, i.e., an improvement in signalized intersection efficiency when an RSCT is present.     

Traffic conflict models to evaluate the safety of signalized intersections at the cycle level

The safety of signalized intersections has often been evaluated at an aggregate level relating collisions to annual traffic volume and the geometric characteristics of the intersection. However, for many safety issues, it is essential to understand how changes in traffic parameters and signal control affect safety at the signal cycle level. This paper develops conflict-based safety performance functions (SPFs) for signalized intersections at the signal cycle level. Traffic video-data was recorded for six signalized intersections located in two cities in Canada. A video analysis procedure is proposed to collect rear-end conflicts and various traffic variables at each signal cycle from the recorded videos. The traffic variables include: traffic volume, maximum queue length, shock wave characteristics (e.g. shock wave speed and shock wave area), and the platoon ratio. The SPFs are developed using the generalized linear models (GLM) approach. The results show that all models have good fit and almost all the explanatory variables are statistically significant leading to better prediction of conflict occurrence beyond what can be expected from the traffic volume only. Furthermore, space-time conflict heat maps are developed to investigate the distribution of the traffic conflicts. The heat maps illustrate graphically the association between rear-end conflicts and various traffic parameters. The developed models can give insight about how changes in the signal cycle design affect the safety of signalized intersections. The overall goal is to use the developed models for the real-time optimization of signalized intersection safety by changing the signal design.     

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车头时距分布是研究交通流特性的重要方法。本文基于北京市若干交叉口的实测样本数据,研究分析了拥堵状态下信号交叉口的排队车辆越过停车线的车头时距分布及其变化特点,结果表明在第6个车辆之后达到饱和车头时距。在此基础上,针对中心城区拥堵区域次干道以上等级的信号交叉口,提出拥堵状态下的通行能力模型。进一步地,利用实测数据作了案例计算与对比分析,直行与左转车道通行能力的平均误差率分别为2.27%与4.28%,验证了模型的可行性与有效性。此外,该结果优于其它计算方法所得结果,表明在拥堵状态下,该方法的适用性更高。     

成都市无信号交叉口行人过街临界间隙分布研究

行人交通是城市交通系统的薄弱环节,尤其是通过无信号控制的交叉口时容易受到机动车威胁,因此研究行人过街特性具有重要意义。本文基于宏观概率平衡的方法研究临界间隙的概率分布函数,该方法通过采集交叉口行人过街时的接受间隙和拒绝间隙,估计行人过街的临界间隙分布。并以成都市典型无信号交叉口为例,得出了行人过街的临界间隙的均值、方差和分布图。最后,通过现场观察和数据分析,对该交叉口和路段的改善提出建议。     

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目前大多数信控交叉口交通延误模型仅对一个进口进行分析,本文提出了交叉口各进口在同一个信号周期内的期望交通延误分析方法.针对交叉口各进口同时处于非饱和交通状况,推导建立了能够体现交叉口延误与信控参数、车辆到达率、车辆排队长度等参数之间动态关系的微观延误模型.将其应用于长沙市解放西路与建湘路信控交叉口的延误计算,并与点样本法、HCM2000法的计算结果比较,表明本模型在信控交叉口延误计算分析中具有较好的精确度和适用性.     

信号交叉口控制相位的流线动态优化组合方法

在现有城市交叉口单点定时及感应信号控制方式中,相位交通流线不能动态组合,在交叉口各流向车辆到达波动较大的情况下,部分流向将产生绿灯损失.为了减少车流到达波动较大交叉口的通行时间损失,提出一种新的相位流线动态组合控制策略.通过引入交通流线相容性概念,将交通流线向量化并进行向量计算寻找相容交通流线.采用流线的逻辑运算确定可行相位组合,以相位绿灯损失最小为原则,得到周期最优控制相位流线组合.该方法能适应交叉口进口流线车辆到达随机波动较大的状态下,实时生成控制相位的流线组合,减少交叉口延误,提高通行效率.     

信号交叉口直行车道饱和流率研究

为了提高城市信号交叉口车辆运行效率,本文分析了直行车道饱和流率的影响因素。基于长沙市典型信号控制交叉口直行车道在不同车道宽度、大车率和车道数情况下饱和车头时距的采集数据,分别建立了饱和流率与车道宽度、大车率、车道数的一元回归关系模型和饱和流率关于车道宽度、大车率和车道数的三元回归线性模型,最后并将拟合的模型放入南京典型信号控制交叉口的应用环境中。结果表明交叉口延误和饱和度值减少,进而说明所得到的模型具有一定的适用性。     

城市道路交通组织设计探讨

城市道路交通组织设计是在道路规划、设计中对道路交通流的方向预先进行组织设计,关键在于把城市各级道路所组成的“区域路网”作为一个不停运行的“有机整体”来考虑。机动车交通组织设计应遵循按道路等级分级组织交通的原则,每一级道路应只吸引比它低一级道路的交通流,并向它的上一级道路输送交通流,支路在合适的情况下可组织单向交通,路口尤其是异形路口的交通组织是设计的难点。在路口和大型交通集散点行人和非机动车的交通组织应给予充分的重视。     

城市道路交叉口小缘石转角半径下人行道切角研究

为推进城市道路设计精细化转变,提升过街安全,近几年交叉口路缘石转角半径相应减小。为解决缘石转角半径减小引发的交叉口人行道空间大幅缩小问题,首先分析了决定交叉口人行道空间的三大因素,即通行空间、绿化空间与红灯等候空间。然后选取北京市典型交叉口,确定等候空间范围。最后考虑不同等级道路的红线切角大小,给出不同缘石转角半径情况下,人行道切角后退距离。得出结论：当缘石转角半径为5 m和8 m,人行道切角后退距离分别为5 m与3 m时,可以同时满足等候空间、通行空间及绿化空间要求。