二级公路工程滞后性水土保持监测实施方法探讨

部分二级公路项目水土保持监测工作存在滞后性,给水土保持监测工作的开展带来不利影响。文章以邕宁至浦北二级公路工程(南宁段)为例,研究滞后的水土保持监测工作存在的问题,并提出了相应的解决方案,为二级公路项目滞后性水土保持监测工作提供方案借鉴。     

宁江松花江特大桥桩基承载力有限元分析

宁江松花江特大桥是大庆至广州高速公路吉林省松原境内的重要桥梁,由于当地的土质及桥梁的形式,其桩基承载力在设计过程中备受关注.桩穿过不同性质的土层将上部结构荷载传递给桩周和桩底土层,形成复杂的桩土共同作用系统.目前,研究荷载传递的方法有弹性理论法、有限元法和传递函数法等.通过有限元法,结合岩土体结构特征,分析宁江松花江特大桥上部荷载传递过程中应力及位移的变化,为桩侧摩阻力的取值奠定基础.     

Predicting travel time reliability using mobile phone GPS data

Estimates of road speeds have become commonplace and central to route planning, but few systems in production provide information about the reliability of the prediction. Probabilistic forecasts of travel time capture reliability and can be used for risk-averse routing, for reporting travel time reliability to a user, or as a component of fleet vehicle decision-support systems. Many of these uses (such as those for mapping services like Bing or Google Maps) require predictions for routes in the road network, at arbitrary times; the highest-volume source of data for this purpose is GPS data from mobile phones. We introduce a method (TRIP) to predict the probability distribution of travel time on an arbitrary route in a road network at an arbitrary time, using GPS data from mobile phones or other probe vehicles. TRIP captures weekly cycles in congestion levels, gives informed predictions for parts of the road network with little data, and is computationally efficient, even for very large road networks and datasets. We apply TRIP to predict travel time on the road network of the Seattle metropolitan region, based on large volumes of GPS data from Windows phones. TRIP provides improved interval predictions (forecast ranges for travel time) relative to Microsoft’s engine for travel time prediction as used in Bing Maps. It also provides deterministic predictions that are as accurate as Bing Maps predictions, despite using fewer explanatory variables, and differing from the observed travel times by only 10.1% on average over 35,190 test trips. To our knowledge TRIP is the first method to provide accurate predictions of travel time reliability for complete, large-scale road networks.     

降雨条件下边坡破坏机理离心模型研究

降雨是诱发边坡灾害的一个重要因素。雨水的入渗导致边坡土体含水量增加,土体强度下降,容重增大,引起边坡失稳。含水量对土体强度参数的影响试验表明,含水量对土体粘聚力影响较大,而对土体内摩擦角的影响较小。不同含水量土质边坡破坏机理离心模型试验表明,土质边坡破坏存在两种形式,整体滑坍破坏和拉裂破坏。松散类边坡在含水量小时形成坍落拱破坏,并最后形成拱形稳定。在含水量大时形成浅层滑坍破坏。引入损伤力学理论对不同含水量土体的损伤影响分析说明,随含水量增大,土体损伤程度加强,并存在损伤变量突变点。     

斜坡软弱地基路堤工程特性的数值模拟

在斜坡软弱地基上修筑填方路堤容易出现滑塌失稳、侧向变形过大等重大工程事故.运用非线性有限元及剪切强度折减法,模拟路堤分步建造的施工力学行为,建立斜坡软弱地基在路堤自重荷载作用下的数值分析模型,从土体变形和稳定安全性2方面研究表层软弱层、地面横坡对路基结构工程特性的影响.结果表明:斜坡软弱地基不能被简单视为斜坡地基和软弱地基的等权重线性叠加;表层软弱层、地面横坡可加剧结构的侧向位移、竖向沉降,改变潜在滑移面的形态,导致路堤结构稳定性降低;实际工程中应高度重视下坡脚方向侧向位移和表层软弱层的处理;运用非线性有限元法结合剪切强度折减法,能同时进行斜坡软弱地基在路堤自重作用下变形与稳定性分析.     

有限土体土压力理论在兰州地铁1号线工程中的应用研究

针对典型砂卵石地层条件下地铁车站基坑与邻近构筑物间形成的有限土体,从有限土体土压力的形成机理出发,通过解析法建立能完全反应土体受力状态的有限土体土压力计算模型,提出考虑土体黏聚力影响的有限土体临界宽高比与临界宽度修正模型,明确有限土体临界宽高比主要介于0.55~0.65,基本不受基坑开挖深度的影响,明确了有限土体临界宽度与基坑开挖深度成线性关系,基坑开挖深度越大,有限土体土压力与经典土压力之间的差异越明显,深度≥10 m的超深基坑必须考虑有限土体土压力的作用,有限土体土压力能有效减少基坑围护结构内力与配筋,精细化设计有利于控制工程造价。     

动态交通流量预测方法研究

随着智能运输系统的广泛应用,实时交通流量预测的重要性也日益显著。本文介绍了预测模型发展过程中比较重要的几个模型,并由此引出人工神经网络。介绍误差逆传播(BP)模型的相关理论。指出传统BP神经网络的缺陷,并提出提高预测精度的措施引进高阶神经网络。建立普通BP神经网络的预测模型,利用误差反传播算法实现这些影响因素到输出变量的复杂映射,再用高阶神经网络构建另一预测模型。利用交叉口实测数据进行预测,并用实际数据进行比较验证。     

基于内在因素提取的内河航运量神经网络预测方法

内河航运量预测是内河航道网规划的依据,利用主成分分析法提取影响内河航运量的内在因素,利用内在影响因素与内河航运量之间的联系,结合BP神经网络建立模型对内河航运量进行预测。算例表明,该模型可以提高预测精度。     

地下水路堑段槽型挡土墙设计若干问题的探讨

对于地下水路堑段槽型挡土墙,铁路设计人员一般采用边墙简化为悬臂梁、底板简化为弹性地基梁的结构计算模型。一个整体结构简化为两个分离的构件,计算模型本身存在一定的缺陷,一些设计者对此不甚了解;在边墙土压力计算理论的选择、边墙外侧活荷载侧压力的计算、抗浮措施的确定、抗浮稳定安全系数的选取、地基压缩模量的选用等方面也存在疑惑。通过多个荷载组合工况的内力及位移计算,结合国内外标准的有关规定,探讨了结构计算模型的合理性以及弥补其缺陷的措施,提出了设计参数选取的优先方向,得出如下结论:在地下水位较高时,弹性地基梁链杆出现负反力是其最大的缺陷;边墙位移小于产生主动土压力所需位移,土压力计算采用静止土压力更为合理,同时可以减小链杆负反力,弥补弹性地基梁模型缺陷;边墙外侧活荷载宜按非主可变荷载单独计算其侧压力,不宜合并入土压力;抗浮优先考虑底板外延方式;抗浮系数在限制结构重要性系数不小于1.0的条件下取1.05;弹性地基梁模型对地基压缩模量取值不敏感。     

Comparison of Beach Nourishment along the U.S. Atlantic,Great Lakes,Gulf of Mexico,and New England Shorelines

The U.S. national beach nourishment experience is summarized for the East Coast barrier islands, the Gulf of Mexico, New England, and the Great Lakes. A total of 1,305 nourishment episodes on 382 beaches are recorded at a total estimated cost of approximately $1.4 billion ($2.5 billion in 1996 dollars). In terms of both volume and costs, nourishment has been the most extensive by far on the East Coast barrier islands. Depending on the region, between 65% and 85% of all nourishment projects have a federal funding component. Annual expenditures and sand volumes for beach nourishment are increasing, especially on East Coast barriers. At present, total annual national beach nourishment costs (excluding the Pacific Coast) are on the order of $100 million per year. The cost per cubic yard of nourishment sand as expressed in 1996 dollars has remained more or less constant over time. Additionally, the volumes of sand needed for subsequent nourishment episodes on individual beaches do not decrease, despite contrary assumptions in the shoreface-profile-ofequilibrium concept that subsequent nourishment volumes should diminish. In light of the historical experience of beach nourishment identified in this study, individual state and local coastal communities should reevaluate their plans for future beach nourishment programs. The complete listing of all the data on nourished beaches from this survey is available at www.geo.duke.edu/Research/psds/psds.htm