全球卫星搜救系统(COSPAS-SARSAT)的发展与应用

全球卫星搜救系统(COSPAS-SARSAT)是GMDSS的组成部分之一,在海上救助方面发挥了非常重要的作用。就系统的组成和发展进行详细论述,旨在使读者真正了解并在紧急情况下正确使用该系统,同时分析了误报警产生的原因以及在误报警发出时如何进行正确处理。     

Evaluation of total risk exposure and insurance premiums in the maritime industry

The empirical evaluation of maritime risk exposure is based on the monetary value at risk (MVR) that incorporates individual safety quality data of about 130,000 vessels, insurable values related to various potential damages, and proxies for fractions of values lost at incidents. MVR provides a tool to enhance strategic planning of maritime administrations and insurance providers, which is illustrated by a high level comparison of annual risk exposure with insurance premiums for 2010–2014. The analysis reveals a global annual insurable value of 30.6 trillion USD with associated annual MVR of 38.8 billion USD for very serious and serious incidents. Although oil tankers show the highest risk exposure (1.75 million USD per tanker per year), safety qualities are found to be best for this ship type (1.4% annual incident risk) and worst for container vessels (2.8%). Annual growth rates in total risk exposure are mostly positive with highest value for dry bulk carriers (27.8%), whereas risk exposure tends to decline for pollution of oil tankers (−2.0%) and passenger vessels (−11.3%), and for loss of life of oil tankers (−1.9%) and dry bulk carriers (−1.4%). Comparison across administrative dimensions reveals that most risk exposure lies with old open registries and with beneficial owners and the Document of Compliance companies located in high income countries. Comparison with global insurance premiums suggests reasonably adequate coverage of maritime risks (excluding cargo) with under-insurance of risk by around 5% (about 1 billion USD per year), with some uncertainties remaining for actual loss fractions of the involved damages.     

A day-to-day dynamical model for the evolution of path flows under disequilibrium of traffic networks with fixed demand

Transportation networks are often subjected to perturbed conditions leading to traffic disequilibrium. Under such conditions, the traffic evolution is typically modeled as a dynamical system that captures the aggregated effect of paths-shifts by drivers over time. This paper proposes a day-to-day (DTD) dynamical model that bridges two important gaps in the literature. First, existing DTD models generally consider current path flows and costs, but do not factor the sensitivity of path costs to flow. The proposed DTD model simultaneously captures all three factors in modeling the flow shift by drivers. As a driver can potentially perceive the sensitivity of path costs with the congestion level based on past experience, incorporating this factor can enhance real-world consistency. In addition, it smoothens the time trajectory of path flows, a desirable property for practice where the iterative solution procedure is typically terminated at an arbitrary point due to computational time constraints. Second, the study provides a criterion to classify paths for an origin–destination pair into two subsets under traffic disequilibrium: expensive paths and attractive paths. This facilitates flow shifts from the set of expensive paths to the set of attractive paths, enabling a higher degree of freedom in modeling flow shift compared to that of shifting flows only to the shortest path, which is behaviorally restrictive. In addition, consistent with the real-world driver behavior, it also helps to preclude flow shifts among expensive paths. Improved behavioral consistency can lead to more meaningful path/link time-dependent flow profiles for developing effective dynamic traffic management strategies for practice. The proposed DTD model is formulated as the dynamical system by drawing insights from micro-economic theory. The stability of the model and existence of its stationary point are theoretically proven. Results from computational experiments validate its modeling properties and illustrate its benefits relative to existing DTD dynamical models.     

车用金属载体催化剂铝溶胶制备试验研究

分别以氯化铝、氧化铝、氢氧化铝和拟薄水铝石为原料制备了铝溶胶,并对铝溶胶的粘接强度和稳定性进行了检测与评价。结果表明,以氯化铝为原料制备的铝溶胶理化特性最好,但容易引入有毒害作用的氯离子;以氧化铝粉和氢氧化铝为原料制备的铝溶胶稳定性和粘接强度不能满足金属载体催化剂涂层的制备要求;以拟薄水铝石为原料制备的铝溶胶不仅能满足金属载体催化剂涂层制备的要求,且不会向催化剂中引入有毒害作用的氯离子,是制备铝溶胶的最佳材料。     

船舶稳性衡准研究的发展综述

文章在回顾船舶稳性发展的基础上,对现阶段完整稳性、随浪稳性、倾覆现象、破舱稳性的研究进展做了进一步阐述,最后对今后船舶稳性研究工作提出了建议。     

75kW柴油发电机组低温启动系统改进设计

针对大功率柴油发电机组低温启动困难的问题,为了适应现代化武器系统能在高寒环境中全天候作战快速反应的需要,对75 kW柴油发电机组低温启动系统进行了改进设计,在两个进气道各安装4个电子预热塞,同时进气道加装大功率加热器,通过对进气道空气加热来实现低温环境下启动,通过空气加热器对机体预热,使柴油机启动成功后快速稳定运行带载。从预热到带规定负载用时8 min,带额定负载用时11 min,大大缩短了-40℃低温环境下75 kW柴油发电机组启动供电的时间。     

Modelling supported driving as an optimal control cycle: Framework and model characteristics

Driver assistance systems support drivers in operating vehicles in a safe, comfortable and efficient way, and thus may induce changes in traffic flow characteristics. This paper puts forward a receding horizon control framework to model driver assistance and cooperative systems. The accelerations of automated vehicles are controlled to optimise a cost function, assuming other vehicles driving at stationary conditions over a prediction horizon. The flexibility of the framework is demonstrated with controller design of Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) and Cooperative ACC (C-ACC) systems. The proposed ACC and C-ACC model characteristics are investigated analytically, with focus on equilibrium solutions and stability properties. The proposed ACC model produces plausible human car-following behaviour and is unconditionally locally stable. By careful tuning of parameters, the ACC model generates similar stability characteristics as human driver models. The proposed C-ACC model results in convective downstream and absolute string instability, but not convective upstream string instability observed in human-driven traffic and in the ACC model. The control framework and analytical results provide insights into the influences of ACC and C-ACC systems on traffic flow operations.     

Incorporating uncertainty and risk in transportation investment decision-making

This paper presents a framework for addressing uncertainty and risk for large-scale transportation investments involving public–private participation. Demand, fare/toll and demand responsive costs are considered in the uncertainty analysis. Uncertainty analysis provides information on economic feasibility of the project. A set of relaxation policies is proposed to form various Ownership, Tenure and Governance (OTG) strategies reflecting the nature and level of participation by the public and private entity. A Monte Carlo Simulation-based Value at Risk is used to quantify risk. Finally, a methodology is proposed to integrate uncertainty and risk. The framework is tested on the proposed multibillion dollar Detroit River International Crossing connecting the cities of Detroit in the USA with Windsor in Canada. The analysis provides insights to probable outcomes for this transportation infrastructure investment under different OTG scenarios.     

某富水断层隧道涌水治理方案优化分析及工程应用北大核心CSCD

以武九高速高楼山公路隧道为例,针对以断层破碎带为主控因素的隧道突水治理问题展开数值分析研究。基于FLAC 3D有限差分法及流固耦合分析原理,研究了导水洞排水、注浆堵水和排堵结合等不同治理方式对隧道涌水量及围岩稳定性的影响。结果表明:对于富水断层隧道发生A、B级别的大量涌水时,建议同时采取导水洞排水、注浆堵水的排堵结合措施,导水洞设置在近断层处,且与隧道相对距离为0.75(D+l),注浆圈厚度控制在7 m以内,注浆圈相对渗透系数比不超过10,既能降低涌水量,又能保证围岩的稳定性;对于C级涌水隧道,可采取注浆措施,注浆厚度不低于3 m,相对渗透系数不低于20;对于D级及以下涌水隧道,采取常规抽排水措施即可。