A network level connectivity robustness measure for connected vehicle environments

This study introduces a new CONnectivity ROBustness model (CONROB) to assess vehicle-to-vehicle communication in connected vehicle (CV) environments. CONROB is based on Newton’s universal law of gravitation and accounts for multiple factors affecting the connectivity in CV environments such as market penetration, wireless transmission range, spatial distribution of vehicles relative to each other, the spatial propagation of the wireless signal, and traffic density. The proposed methodology for the connectivity robustness calculation in CONROB accounts for the Link Expiration Time (LET) and the Route Expiration Time (RET) that are reflected in the stability of links between each two adjacent vehicles and the expiration time of communication routes between vehicles. Using a 117 sq-km (45-square mile) network in Washington County, located west of Portland city, Oregon, a microscopic simulation model (VISSIM) was built to verify CONROB model. A total of 45 scenarios were simulated for different traffic densities generated from five different traffic demand levels, three levels of market penetration (5%, 15%, and 25%), and three transmission range values [76 (250), 152 (500), and 305 (1000) m (ft)]. The simulation results show that the overall robustness increases as the market penetration increases, given the same transmission range, and relative traffic density. Similarly, the overall connectivity robustness increases as the relative traffic density increases for the same market penetration. More so, the connectivity robustness becomes more sensitive to the relative traffic density at higher values of transmission range and market penetration. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to show the significant effect of relative traffic density, transmission range, and market penetration on the robustness measure. The results of the study provide an evidence of the ability of the model to capture the effect of the different factors on the connectivity between vehicles, which provides a viable tool for assessing CV environments.     

A study on bubble plume behavior in stratified water

Plumes of air and carbon-dioxide (CO₂) bubbles in stratified water were studied experimentally and numerically. It is important to understand the plume behavior of droplets or bubbles in the ocean in marine environmental engineering. In sequestration of CO₂ in the ocean, liquid CO₂ is injected in the form of droplets, and thermal stratification in enclosed seas is possibly destroyed by a bubble generator. This study focuses on the relationship between intrusion depth and stratification intensity, gas flow rate, and bubble size. A desktop-sized tank was used to achieve no-background-flow conditions for salt stratification. The results from the air-bubble experiments indicated that the larger the bubble size, the smaller the intrusion depth. We also observed the behavior of CO₂ bubbles. They are different from air in that they dissolve in water and are reduced in volume. Our numerical simulation method for two-phase flow was validated by comparisons with the experiments. Received: August 13, 2001 / Accepted: October 9, 2001     

交通运输业CO_2排放区域差异及影响因素

交通运输业是CO_2排放的重要来源.根据长江经济带九省二市2005—2014年面板数据,以Theil指数为衡量指标,从人均、单位增加值、单位换算周转量碳排放3个方面测算交通运输业CO_2排放的区域差异;结合扩展的Kaya恒等式,通过LMDI分解分析交通运输业CO_2排放的影响因素.结果表明:长江经济带各省市交通运输业CO_2排放呈现较明显的不均衡分布,人均碳排放、单位换算周转量碳排放差异大于单位增加值碳排放差异;能源结构、单位增加值能耗、单位GDP换算周转量抑制CO_2排放(贡献率分别为1.72%、56.6%、41.68%),单位换算周转量增加值、人均GDP、人口促进CO_2排放(贡献率分别为7.99%、88.99%、3.02%).     

Scalable stability analysis on large connected vehicle systems subject to stochastic communication delays

In this paper large connected vehicle systems are analyzed where vehicles utilize vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication to control their longitudinal motion. It is shown that packet drops in communication channels introduce stochastic delay variations in the feedback loops. Scalable methods are developed to evaluate stability and disturbance attenuation while utilizing the mean, second moment, and covariance dynamics in open chain and closed ring configurations. The stability results are summarized using stability diagrams in the plane of the control parameters while varying the packet delivery ratio and the number of vehicles. Also, the relationship between the stability of different configurations is characterized. The results emphasize the feasibility of V2V communication-based control in improving traffic flow.     

Modeling the information flow propagation wave under vehicle-to-vehicle communications

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications under the connected vehicle context have the potential to provide new paradigms to enhance the safety, mobility and environmental sustainability of surface transportation. Understanding the information propagation characteristics in space and time is a key enabler for V2V-based traffic systems. Most existing analytical models assume instantaneous propagation of information flow through multi-hop communications. Such an assumption ignores the spatiotemporal relationships between the traffic flow dynamics and V2V communication constraints. This study proposes a macroscopic two-layer model to characterize the information flow propagation wave (IFPW). The traffic flow propagation is formulated in the lower layer as a system of partial differential equations based on the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards model. Due to their conceptual similarities, the upper layer adapts and modifies a spatial Susceptible-Infected epidemic model to describe information dissemination between V2V-equipped vehicles using integro-differential equations. A closed-form solution is derived for the IFPW speed under homogeneous conditions. The IFPW speed is numerically determined for heterogeneous conditions. Numerical experiments illustrate the impact of traffic density and market penetration of V2V-equipped vehicles on the IFPW speed. The proposed model can capture the spatiotemporal relationships between the traffic and V2V communication layers, and aid in the design of novel information propagation strategies to manage traffic conditions under V2V-based traffic systems.     

Impacts of an emission based private car taxation policy - First year ex-post analysis

This paper assesses the impacts of a targeted policy designed to influence car purchasing trends towards lower CO₂ emitting vehicles. Vehicle registration tax and annual motor tax rates in Ireland changed in July 2008 from being based on engine size to emissions performance of cars. This paper provides a one year ex-post analysis of the first year of the tax change, tracking the change in purchasing trends arising from the measure related to specific CO₂ emissions, engine size and fuel, and the implications for car prices, CO₂ emissions abatement, and revenue gathered. While engine efficiency improvements had been offset by purchasing trends towards larger and generally less efficient cars in the past, with the average MJ/km remaining constant from 2000 to 2007, this analysis shows that in the first year of the new taxation system the average specific emissions of new cars fell by 13% to 145 g/km. This was brought about, not by a reduction in engine size, but rather through a significant shift to diesel cars. Despite an unexpected reduction in car sales due to a recession in 2008, the policy measure has had a larger than anticipated impact on CO₂ emissions, calculated to be 5.9 ktCO₂ in the first year of the measure. The strong price signal did however result in a 33% reduction in tax revenue from VRT, in financial terms amounting to a drop of €166 million compared to a baseline situation.     

Well-to-wheel analysis for electric, diesel and hydrogen traction for railways

This paper derives the energy efficiencies and CO₂ emissions for electric, diesel and hydrogen traction for railway vehicles on a well-to-wheel basis, using the low heating value and high heating value of the enthalpy of oxidation of the fuel. The tank-to-wheel and well-to-tank efficiency are determined. Gaseous hydrogen has a WTW efficiency of 25% low heating value, if produced from methane and used in a fuel cell. This efficiency is similar to diesel and electric traction in the UK, US, and California. A reduction of about 19% in CO₂ is achieved when hydrogen gas is used in a fuel cell compared to diesel traction, and a 3% reduction compared to US electricity.     

COX-2蛋白表达与口腔鳞癌侵袭转移的关系

从COX-2的生物学特性，可知促进口腔鳞癌侵袭转移的机制为促进肿瘤新生血管的生成、刺激肿瘤细胞的增殖、抑制肿瘤细胞的凋亡、促进肿瘤的浸润和转移、抑制机体的免疫反应、参与前致癌物的活化。（可应用COX-2抑制剂防治肿瘤）     

城轨变电站接线方式及高可靠性费用比较

根据西安地铁2号线向城市供电部门缴纳的费用,论述高可靠性供电费用收取的依据、标准。通过分析比较,说明在变电站的建设投资中,不仅要考虑电气设备的投资,还要考虑像高可靠性供电费用这样的隐性投资;在设计变电站的接线方式时,要根据城市电网的特点,结合电力部门的意见,选择安全可靠、投资经济的接线方式。     

北京地铁超速防护设备的校时系统

北京地铁2号线超速防护设备(ATP)的本地时钟一直依靠人员进行设定,导致各列车之间时间不统一且误差很大,对行车调度、故障诊断等方面有很大影响.为此,开发基于无线通信的地车校时系统,利用全球定位系统(GPS)的标准时间,自动为车载设备提供精确的统一时间,实现地铁列车时钟的协调一致,提高运营的安全性和可靠性.