城市快速路拥挤度判别方法研究

当前城市交通需求的大幅增长导致快速路的交通拥挤和交通堵塞现象普遍发生，对城市快速路的道路拥堵的服务质量的评价，传统的A～F级服务水平的评价标准显得粗糙。提出了与交通流三参数有关的拥挤度系数的概念，并针对快速路的实际状况，运用模糊数学中的综合评价方法，对城市快速路拥挤度进行判别。城市快速路拥挤度判别实例，通过拥挤度判别和服务水平判别的比较，说明了拥挤度判别的优越性。     

Network effects of intelligent speed adaptation systems

Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) systems use in-vehicle electronic devices to enable the speed of vehicles to be regulated automatically. They are increasingly appreciated as a flexible method for speed management and control particularly in urban areas. On-road trials using a small numbers of ISA equipped vehicles have been carried out in Sweden, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK. This paper describes the developments made to enhance a traffic microsimulation model in order to represent ISA implemented across a network and the impact of this on the networks. The simulation modelling of the control system is carried out on a real-world urban network, and the impacts on traffic congestion, speed distribution and the environment assessed. The results show that ISA systems are more effective in less congested traffic conditions. Momentary high speeds in traffic are effectively suppressed, resulting in a reduction in speed variation which is likely to have a beneficial impact on safety. Whilst ISA reduces excessive traffic speeds in the network, it does not affect average journey times. In particular, the total vehicle-hours travelling at speeds below 10 km/hr have not changed, indicating that the speed control had not induced more slow-moving queues to the network. A statistically significant, eight percent, reduction in fuel consumption was found with full ISA penetration. These results are in accordance with those from field trials and they provide the basis for cost-benefit analyses on introducing ISA into the vehicle fleet. However, contrary to earlier findings from the Swedish ISA road trials, this study suggested that ISA is likely to have no significant effect on emission of gaseous pollutants CO, NO_x and HC.     

Road Pricing models with maintenance cost

According to the Federal Highway Administration of the United States, maintenance expenditure takes up more than 25% of road revenue disbursement and this percentage has been increasing gradually. The reason for the increment in maintenance cost is that there lacks incentives for road users to take this cost component into their driving behavior. That is, different classes of vehicles should be levied different levels of congestion tax due to the different degrees of damage on the highway if a road pricing policy is implemented. This paper intends to incorporate this concept into road pricing literature by introducing two types of vehicles. After the analysis of the problem, we find that different types of vehicles should be charged different tolls. The toll includes not only the travel delay cost of one's own vehicle and the other types of vehicles, but also the marginal maintenance cost that is dependent on the traffic flow. A set of numerical examples is provided to demonstrate the theoretical analyses. The result shows that both the welfare and cost coverage rate will increase when the road pricing mechanism takes the maintenance cost factor into account.     

基于GIS的城市快速路交通仿真模型研究

在对GIS与交通仿真的发展进行全面论述的基础上,设计了仿真模型的总体结构与功能,重点对在GIS平台上实现模型的数据输入、输出接口,以及面向城市快速路交通仿真构建相应的数据库与仿真图层进行了设计与开发。本文提出了GIS和交通仿真相结合的建模思想,实现了该仿真模型的部分功能,拓宽了交通仿真的应用领域。     

交通管制条件下城市道路网络模型及分配算法研究

城市道路网络模型及其算法是城市道路网络分析和分配的基础。本文首先分析了交通管制条件下原有城市道路网络模型和算法的不足,在此基础上提出一种改进模型和算法,并给出算例。这种改进的模型和算法能较好地满足实际分配的要求,在交通规划、交通管理和交通流模拟中都有着十分广阔的应用前景,且已经被成功地应用于郑州市综合交通规划中。     

相位相序安排与交叉口设计之间的关系

交叉口信号控制中,相位相序的安排与交叉口设计之间存在着非常密切的关系,两者之间需要相互协调、相互适应,才能充分发挥交通信号的效益。目前,由于交叉口设计与相位相序安排不适应造成的交叉口时空资源损失和事故隐患越来越多。另外,多数交通控制系统中对相位相序的优化考虑较少,更少涉及与交叉口设计相适应的调节方法。随着交叉口设计在中国的普及,它的不适应性也会凸显。因此有必要进一步研究两者之间的关系,以更大限度地提高交叉口通行能力利用率,减少事故隐患,同时为智能交通信号控制系统提供优化根据。     

道路交叉口交通冲突灰色评价研究

交通冲突技术是国际交通安全领域新兴开发的非事故统计评价方法,是以大样本、快速、定量研究评价交通安全现状与改善效果的特点而异于传统的事故统计评价方法。本文应用交通冲突技术,引入交通冲突与混合当量交通量的比值(TC MPCU)作为评价指标,提出对以时均交通冲突和交通量数据为依据的交叉口进行安全评价的交通冲突灰色聚类评价法,并设计了计算软件,为交叉口的安全评价提供一种新的研究途径。最后提出了基于交通冲突技术的交叉口安全改善方法,以实现安全评价的最终目的。     

机非混行平面交叉口交通设计理论研究

对机动车与非机动车混行条件下平面交叉口的交通设计进行深入、系统地研究。在分析大量实测数据的基础上,对信号控制交叉口自行车交通流的运行特征进行分析,建立自行车交通流的相关模型;在理论分析和实践的基础上,形成机非混行平面交叉口交通设计理论与方法。这些理论与方法的建立将为解决城市混合交通问题奠定基础。     

交通量预测的神经网络集成方法

首次将神经网络集成技术引入交通量预测。神经网络集成通过训练多个神经网络并将各网络输出进行合成,可显著提高学习系统的泛化能力。在Boosting和Bagging集成方法的基础上,提出基于分治策略的神经网络集成方法,并且讨论了网络权重分配算法。使用上述三种神经网络集成预测模型,对苏州某交叉口实时交通量进行预测,预测结果比较理想,优于单一神经网络预测方法。实验表明,神经网络集成用于交通量预测是有效可行的。     

城市公共交通系统需要小型电动汽车

城市公共交通系统有快速和慢速之分,2者相辅相成,缺一不可。本文根据小型电动汽车的特点,提出了一种采用小型电动汽车作为交通工具的慢速公共交通系统,并对其运营方式及带来的社会效益作了论述。