Market role and regulation of extensive urban minibus services as large bus service capacity is restored - Case studies from Ghana, Georgia and Kazakhstan

In some cities, the degeneration and collapse of formal bus services has allowed large-scale minibus operations to become established but, over time, city authorities and municipal bus operators regain at least part of their operating capacity and seek to regain their market share. This paper examines and compares three case studies: Accra, Tbilisi, and cities of Kazakhstan. It examines the development of the urban minibus services market as conventional bus services went into decline, the gradual re-emergence of large buses, how the authorities have viewed the minibuses as circumstances change, and market and regulatory strategies followed by city authorities.     

100-years-changes in the phytoplankton community of Kiel Bight (Baltic Sea)

Literature data from 1905/06, 1912/13 and 1949/50 were compared with recent data (2001–2003) from Kiel Bight in order to investigate changes in phytoplankton composition and biomass, which may serve as indicators of environmental changes. In terms of biomass, diatomophyceae and dinophyceae are by far the most important groups. Their ratio is still close to unity. The share of diatomophyceae increased strongly in years with exceptionally high summer blooms (2001) or exceptionally early spring blooms (2003). The summer and autumn blooms of Chaetoceros and Skeletonema, detected in the early 20th century, are replaced by other diatoms (Cerataulina pelagica, Dactyliosolen fragilissimus, Proboscia alata, Pseudo-nitzschia spp.). Chaetoceros and Skeletonema are still important components of the spring blooms. Now as before, the autumn blooms are dominated by Ceratium spp., sometimes also by diatoms. Newly appearing bloom-forming species are mostly potentially toxic (Dictyocha speculum, Prorocentrum minimum, Pseudo-nitzschia spp.). The total phytoplankton biomass has roughly doubled in the course of the last century. The reference condition for phytoplankton biomass in Kiel Bight in the sense of the Water Framework Directive was defined at 55 mg C m^− 3 (± 10%, annual mean). The mean annual biomass of diatomophyceae and dinophyceae was 25 mg C m^− 3 (± 40%) for each, indicating that the sum of their carbon biomass amounted to 90% (± 10%) of the total phytoplankton biomass on an annual average. Diatomophyceae represented at least 80% of carbon biomass in the spring bloom peak at the beginning of the 20th century.     

A review of issues in transit economics

This paper reviews the development of thought on the major issues in transit economics over the last 50 years, in developed and developing countries. Some issues - the analysis of cost and demand parameters - are perennial, with development mostly in the mathematical sophistication of analytical techniques employed, while others - such as issues of ownership and competitive form - reflect wider trends in economic thinking. Some issues - such as the relationship between transit and development - are universal, while others - such as the role of small vehicles and the informal sector - impact mostly on developing countries. One conclusion stands out. Transit is critical to the achievement of a wide range of social, economic and environmental objectives and, therefore, needs appropriate institutions to ensure its integration with the strategic management of the rest of urban development policy.     

深圳东部过境高速公路隧道消防设计

近年来随着公路交通事业的发展，公路等级的提高，对公路线型的要求也越来越高。为了克服高程障碍，优化线路，缩短里程，特别要与周边的环境相协调，必不可少地需要修建隧道。由于隧道是公路交通的咽喉要道，一旦发生火灾，扑救相当困难，往往会造成重大的人员伤亡和财产损失，因此在隧道设计时必须采取有效的防火与灭火措施，使火灾控制在最低限度内，使隧道真正起到安全输送人员和物资的作用。结合深圳市东部过境高速公路的隧道设计，对隧道消防的设计进行了探讨。     

德兴市生活饮用水水源水质调查分析

采用水质标准和水质指数法.对1993～1994年间德兴市生活饮用水水源水质监测结果进行评价.结果表明,水源水质良好,As、Cd、Pb等毒理学指标和Fe、Mn、Cu、zn等一般化学指标均符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》,水中大肠菌群数在78个L以下.符合只经过过滤消毒即供给做生活饮用水的卫生要求.     

南水北调东线工程对扬州市船闸的影响及对策分析

南水北调东线工程实施后,京杭运河的正常水位比设计最高通航水位还高0．5m,对船闸的运行管理和船只通航带来一定影响。为减轻因南水北调工程实施后水位增大对船阐的影响,针对扬州市船闸闸室、闸门、靠船构件以及引航道结构提出了相应的工程措施,以改善船闸的原有结构状况,保证船只正常通航和安全停靠。     

基于船体梁的船体弹性变形预报方法

将船体简化成一根两端完全自由、质量和刚度沿船长方向分布不均匀的变截面梁,采用迁移矩阵法算出船体梁的固有频率和振形;将三维势流理论和结构动力学方程相结合,求出船体振动的主坐标,再利用模态叠加原理得到计算点的幅频位移响应;利用谱分析方法计算不同工况时的船体变形,并根据雷利分布得到其统计值。以某船为例,利用该方法计算船体相对变形,并对结果进行分析,得到了船体变形随着航速大小和浪向角改变的规律。     

水运企业人力资源开发与管理

世界银行1985年的经济考察报告《中国：长期发展问题和可选方案》的结论中指出：“中国的经济前景要取决于能否成功地调动和有效地使用一切资源,特别是人力资源。”     

我国水污染状况及控制对策

随着社会经济的快速发展,随之带来的水污染问题也日益突出,现已成为社会各界关注的主要环境问题。本文简要论述了我国水污染的现状、危害及其控制对策。