交通拥挤收费空间公平性探讨

将出行者按照时间价值（VOT）和地域划分为不同群体,在一个简单路网上建立交通网络模型,分析拥挤收费的公平性影响.研究模拟居民的多种不同出行选择,分析了实施拥挤收费对两处居民各类人群在出行方式分担、行程时间以及交通可达性等方面的影响.研究发现,对于始发地居民,引入拥挤收费能够降低其行程时间,提高可达性;而对于周边道路沿途的居民,若周边道路通行能力不高,适当的拥挤收费会提高可达性,若周边道路通行能力较好,拥挤收费则会小幅度的减少其交通可达性.     

Aggregating mobile object trajectories: cumulative time geographic density estimation for GPS data

We present new approaches that expand upon the time geographic density estimation (TGDE) framework previously employed to estimate potential path trees. In the past, TGDE metrics have identified possible locations an individual moving object may have passed between, given known origin and destination points. This paper utilizes a new form of TGDE to investigate taxicab GPS traces over a specified time horizon with position ‘gaps’. To this end, we propose a new extension to the TGDE framework, TGDE-C, which is used to determine the cumulative TGDE values for a group of GPS traces, at a given location. These metrics are applied to multiple taxis and allow for time of day analysis. Additionally, we combine these new extensions with existing TGDE metrics that allow us to determine how accessible individual or groups of vehicles are to urban opportunities.     

A logit-based model for measuring the effects of transportation infrastructure on land value

Mutual interactions between transportation and land use have long been debated. Despite progress made in computational technology, the study of these interactions is not adequately developed. The most important aspect of such interactions is given by the changes in land values due to changes in transportation infrastructures. We consider the behavioural features of these interactions along with the constraints on the land and/or zoning restrictions and propose a reliable model for the first time to predict land value changes with respect to changes in transportation facilities and accessibility. The proposed model is a logit-based mathematical programming methodology where the relative price of land is predicted with respect to transportation accessibility, neighbourhood amenities, location premium, availability of land, and zoning regulations. A real-world case study is used to exhibit the applicability of the proposed methodology and demonstrate the efficacy of the algorithms and procedures.     

Optimization of bus stop placement for routes on uneven topography

The improvement and expansion of public transport is an increasingly important solution to the high congestion costs and worsening environmental impacts of the car dominated transport systems seen in many cities today. The intelligent design of stop locations is one way to improve the quality of PT and thereby improve its ridership. Stop placement is a relatively complex task as it involves a trade-off between two competing goals; accessibility and operation; however this trade-off can be made explicit using an appropriate mathematical model. Many such models have been developed in the literature, however none consider the effects of uneven topography. Topography is an important but often neglected factor in the design of public transportation systems, with the potential to have a significant impact on the accessibility, operation and planning of a transit service. In this work a mathematical modelling approach to bus stop placement is developed which includes considerations of uneven topography in three ways; (1) Its effect on walking speed; (2) Its impact on the attractiveness of an access path to a transit service; and (3) Its effect on acceleration rates at stops. Because of the complexity of the model developed, a heuristic evolutionary algorithm’ is employed to approximate an optimal solution to the model. Finally, the model and solution method are applied to a case study in the Auckland CBD area in New Zealand.     

湛茂阳城市带县域综合交通可达性研究

在借鉴已有研究成果的基础上,以湛茂阳城市带18个县域单位为研究对象,通过利用综合交通可达性指数及交通区位优势度、县域内交通连通度和对外通达性三个分指数,全面分析湛江国际机场搬迁前后湛茂阳城市带各县级行政区的交通可达性空间格局特征。结果表明:湛江国际机场搬迁后,湛茂阳城市带综合交通可达性得到明显提升,较高可达性市县区由7个增加至10个;表现出更强的空间集聚性和空间自相关,并且形成以湛江各区、茂南区和江城区为中心,沿海连续形成可达性高值带状片区。对湛茂阳城市带县域尺度综合交通可达性进行研究能够为区域协调均衡发展提供更好的理论和实践指导。     

客流饱和条件下轨道交通网络动态可达性分析

轨道交通客流的日益增长使乘客在网络上的出行可达性受到影响,当轨道交通处于客流饱和时乘客存在无法上车而被迫留乘的可能性。为分析轨道交通网络可达性的动态变化特征,建立考虑客流饱和条件下的轨道交通网络动态可达性的评价模型;模型以轨道交通网络拓扑结果作为可达性的空间特性,以列车运行计划作为其时间特性。在深圳轨道交通网络上进行案例分析,通过网络客流和列车运行计划,得到乘客在网络上的期望旅行时间,继而得到OD对及车站的可达性指标。结果表明,目前的轨道交通网络中客流需求更大的车站往往配备较好的列车运输能力,以提高可达性,但是受限于列车开行间隔,客流饱和条件下的部分热门车站动态可达性较低。提出可达性评价方法,可用于评价网络中的客流需求与列车运行计划的匹配程度。     

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为了定量地研究大型枢纽机场的地面交通组织系统，首先阐明了单独研究机场可达性的意义，提出了使用通达成本来描述机场可达性的新的方法，从而用化为货币形式的成本来衡量可达性。主要从快捷性，经济性和舒适性三方面来计算成本。为了量化抽象的舒适性，提出了通过“旅行者的疲劳恢复时间”来间接转化的方法。最后按照人群，地区的划分计算总通达成本加权平均。在数据的处理上，提出了使用Logit模型对两个重要参数进行标定和校正。最后，给出了几个简化算例，重点对上海浦东国际机场进行了可达性评价，然后简要地将其与其他两个国际机场进行了横向比较。结果表明：舒适性是一项不可忽略的可达性衡量指标。我国机场的可达性较国外有待提高。     

基于公交可达性的公交方式选择模型研究

交通方式选择是公交出行需求预测的关键内容之一。文章在公交方式选择效用函数中加入起点和终点交通小区的交通可达性（考虑公交站点到达时间、站台数量、线路条数、发车频率等）,对Logit模型进行改进,并用海口市居民出行调查数据对改进模型进行验证,结果表明改进模型划分结果更接近真实值。     

Restricted car-use and perceived accessibility

In order to plan for, and achieve, a sustainable and accessible transport system, research and policies alike recognize a need to implement and enhance alternative transport options in favor of the private car. Moreover, these sustainable alternatives need to offer sufficient levels of accessibility regardless of where people live or work. We present and discuss an approach for capturing and evaluating perceived accessibility, with the ability to differentiate between individuals. Levels of perceived accessibility are compared before and after a fictive car use restriction, and between residential areas, using data from 2711 residents of Malmö, Sweden. A main conclusion is that levels of perceived accessibility become significantly lower for car users when they are limited in their options for daily travel. The difference is more substantive for frequent car users, who already travel less by sustainable modes today. There are also significant differences in levels of perceived accessibility in the restricted scenario, depending on where individuals live. These novel findings may not come as a surprise, but they emphasize the importance of including and analyzing perceptions of car users when designing accessible and sustainable transport systems. The paper ends with a discussion on how to facilitate the transition from current transport systems to an inclusive and accessible system.     

Public transit and labor market outcomes: Analysis of the connections in the French agglomeration of Bordeaux

This paper investigates the links between public transport and labor market outcomes in the French agglomeration of Bordeaux. Our objective is to analyze the effects and consequences of the construction of a tramway line in some neighborhoods and municipalities of the agglomeration. These localizations are confronted to isolation and concentration of unfavorable socio-economic characteristics. Among other things, this line has permitted to facilitate the access to the historical job center of Bordeaux for inhabitants concerned. We use difference-in-differences methods to compare labor market outcomes of inhabitants who benefit from this better access with others who do not, before and after the construction. Results show that if unemployment rate has globally decreased on the period observed, the decrease is more important for neighborhoods located close to tramway stations. More generally, it seems that the tramway project helped to reduce some socio-economic inequalities in the agglomeration of Bordeaux.