A methodological approach for environmental characterization of ports

This paper introduces a methodology for the characterization of ports, employing specifically defined eco-efficiency indicators and combining typically available data (handled cargo, containers and passengers) with ship exhaust pollutants values (mainly NO_x, SO_x and PM) and anticipated external costs (ECs) due to emitted air pollutants to provide a collective overview of all port-related economic and environmental activities. The results from an applied case study allow a comparative evaluation of 16 selected ports based on 17 different evaluation criteria and denote that the employment of such an overall approach can allow port authorities to improve managerial aspects, potentially lower operational costs and promote reduced environmental effects.     

A system based approach to develop hybrid model predicting extreme urban NOx and PM2.5 concentrations

One of the major drawbacks of conventional air quality models is their inability in accurately predicting extreme air pollutant concentrations. Hybrid modelling is one of the techniques that estimates/predicts the ‘entire range’ of the distribution of pollutant concentrations by combining the deterministic based models (capable in predicting average range) with suitable statistical (probability) distribution models (capable in predicting extreme range). This research paper describes system based approach in developing hybrid model to predict hourly averages as well as extreme percentile ranges of NO_x and PM_2.5 concentrations at two urban locations having complex traffic heterogeneity, highly variable tropical meteorology and different geographical characteristics. At one of the selected locations i.e. Delhi megacity, during winters, hybridization of AERMOD and Lognormal predicts NO_x and PM_2.5 concentrations satisfactorily with index of agreement ‘d’ values of 0.98–0.99, respectively; however, during summers, AERMOD-Log-logistic and AERMOD-Lognormal are best predicting NO_x and PM_2.5 concentrations with d values of 0.98–0.96, respectively. In another, i.e., Chennai, a coastal megacity, AERMOD-Lognormal predicts PM_2.5 concentrations satisfactorily with d values of 0.98 and 0.99 during winter and summer seasons, respectively. Further, hybrid model has also been used to evaluate regulatory compliance.     

Explaining shipping company participation in voluntary vessel emission reduction programs

Ports are under increasing pressures to increase sustainability and reduce the local and global emissions impacts associated with their operations. Due to limits on their jurisdictional authority, ports may design effective voluntary programs and appropriately motivate participation from global shipping companies that visit their ports. This paper investigates the success of the Vessel Speed Reduction Program at the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach and uses qualitative methods to analyze the factors that contributed to the success of the program at reducing local air quality pollutants. In particular, why did individual private firms participate in a non-required, voluntary effort? This research found that external pressures such as community concerns about emissions and regulatory threats are important to motivating voluntary behavior and may even be more important than financial incentives. Furthermore, simplicity of program design, clear goals and presence of a monitoring mechanism are important in influencing participation. These findings broaden our understanding of the business strategy behind slow steaming and its applicability as an operational practice as much work to date is focused on how fuel prices and financial incentives influence the choice for shipping companies to slow their speeds. While the VSR program led to significant emission reductions, an additional lesson for voluntary programs is the need for them to evolve and strive for continuous improvement.     

航空摄影新技术推动数字摄影测量的发展

本文介绍了国内航空摄影新技术的发展及应用情况,并对航空摄影技术进行了具体的应用前景分析。     

R407C环保制冷剂在列车空调上的应用研究

通过对R407C制冷剂进行理论分析和性能试验,研究其在列车空调机组上替代R22制冷剂的可行性及应注意的问题。     

空气污染对室内空气品质的影响

通过将各空气污染因子区分为物理性、化学性和生物性等因子,分别分析了它们对人体的医学危害性,揭示了目前影响室内空气品质的一些主要因素,并讨论了在空调工况下空气污染对室内空气品质的影响问题.     

97新款“现代”（HYUNDAI）轿车自动温控式空调系统

９７新款“现代”轿车上，安装了一套自动温控式空调系统，它设计新颖，操作简单，由ＥＣＵ控制所需的温度。详细地介绍了该系统的系统的组成，以及各主要部件的功用；同时分析了该系统常见故障原因，并提出了相应的检修措施。     

文丘里型末端变风量阀弹簧设计探讨

文章提出了当量直径概念,根据量纲分析理论对绕圆球充动的绕流阻力公式进行了修改,从而得出文丘里型末端变风量瘩中阀芯绕流阻力与其所处位置的关系,在理论上提出了设计主等节距弹簧的方案,这对建立数学模型进行数值计算有着启发性的意义。     

Network structure,capacity growth and route hierarchies: the case of China’s air traffic system revisited

This paper examines air traffic patterns among China’s scheduled airlines in January 2006 and January 2011, using Official Airline Guide data on carrier schedules. The author classifies Chinese carriers into one of four classes. Airports are also organized into a classification scheme based on several criteria related to the total volume of traffic, the carriers serving the airports and the nature of the airports to which they are connected. Counts, sums, percentage shares and changes in these calculations between 2006 and 2011 are presented in tabular form. Inferences about the fundamental structure and future patterns of capacity growth for the yet not fully emerged Chinese air traffic system can be drawn.     

上海轨道交通12号线通风空调系统设计

通风空调系统运行能耗巨大,其设计是城市轨道交通系统总体设计中的重中之重。基于相关标准和节能减排要求,确定了上海轨道交通12号线工程通风空调系统的运行模式,并对区间隧道(含辅助线)通风系统兼排烟系统、车站车轨区排热兼排烟系统、车站公共区通风空调系统、设备管理用房通风空调系统、空调冷源及水系统的设计进行了详细阐述。