砂岩热损伤微观结构与宏观物理特性演化规律研究

为探讨砂岩热损伤微观结构与宏观物理特性演化规律,借助核磁共振与SEM电镜扫描技术对砂岩开展100、200、300、400、500、600、700、800、900 ℃的循环热处理试验。结果表明： 400 ℃后,砂岩试样的表观形态、质量和体积等物理参数均发生显著变化,砂岩物理参数发生变化的临界温度在400 ℃左右; 400 ℃后砂岩的微裂纹及孔洞开始发育,700 ℃后新生裂纹快速萌生、扩展和贯通; 300 ℃后孔隙度缓慢增加,热损伤开始发育,500 ℃后岩样受热应力及相变耦合作用,裂纹发育迅速,致使孔隙度急剧增加;渗透率与孔隙度呈现出不同的演化规律; 砂岩小孔呈现出先增加、后降低,中孔呈现出先降低、后增加,大孔则呈现出先增加、后降低、再增加的变化趋势。     

混凝土界面粘结性能有限元分析

关于超高性能混凝土（UHPC）与普通混凝土（NC）粘结界面的试验研究较多,但如何在有限元软件中进行有效的模拟并进行相关参数分析的研究仍较少。本文利用大型有限元分析软件Abaqus建立了采用粘聚力单元以模拟UHPC与NC粘结界面的有限元模型,并通过修改粘聚力模型参数分析了不同界面粗糙程度下UHPC-NC界面的粘结性能。建立了直接剪切、斜剪试验有限元模型,且利用摩尔库伦强度理论反推界面摩擦系数。结果表明：通过粘聚力单元模拟UHPC-NC界面能很好的反应实际的受力性能。     

The Concept and Practice of Treatment for Damage in Railway Tunnel Linings Caused by High-pressure Karst Water北大核心CSCD

In recent years, railway tunnels in karst areas have frequently suffered flooding after high-intensity rainfall, which seriously affects the safety of tunnel operation and the order of transportation, and even interrupts the traffic. Based on the water hazard case in the Yuanbaoshan Tunnel on the Zhijin-Bijie Railway Line, this paper explores the causes of lining damage in terms of geology, rainfall, and the design and construction of water hazard sections, and puts forward the treatment technology for tunnel water hazards with the core concept of making full use of existing structures and employing open drainage methods in key sections. Besides, this paper simulates and analyzes the formation of hazards and the treatment effect through numerical simulation. The results show that the subjective causes for the damage in tunnel linings include an insufficient understanding of the water-bearing formations at the geological investigation stage, the underestimation of water hazard risks posed by high-intensity rainfall during construction, and the unimproved waterproof and drainage system in the design alteration, while the objective reasons include the development of karst near the tunnel section that passes through the stratum, the strong connectivity of water conduits, and the high-intensity rainfall in a certain period of time on the tunnel site. As for the simulation results, they show that the increase of external water pressure caused by the sudden rise in groundwater level after rainstorm significantly increases the internal force of linings, and eventually leads to a much lower safety factor of sidewall linings and large scale damage, which is in consistency with the characteristics of the actual on-site damage. After on-site emergency treatment, the tunnel structure has become stable and even encountering unprecedentedly heavy rainfall twice, the tunnel has still remained in a good condition. Since then, no water hazards and other disasters have occurred, which proves that the treatment plan is valid. © 2022, Editorial Office of Modern Tunnelling Technology. All right reserved.     

基于损伤理论的全长式锚杆荷载传递机理研究

根据损伤理论的基本原理,定义岩土体剪切损伤变量及其相应的损伤演化方程;依据岩土体在剪切应力作用下的损伤特性和锚杆在岩土体中的荷载传递机理,建立锚杆在岩土体损伤时的荷载传递微分方程并推导出锚杆轴力、剪切位移和侧摩阻力沿着锚杆长度分布的解析解,该理论解答综合考虑锚杆长度、锚杆直径和岩土体的损伤特性、剪切模量及压缩模量等因素的影响。然后利用数值分析的手段对锚杆的轴力和侧摩阻力与损伤变量、锚杆长度及锚固体直径之间的关系进行分析。最后利用一组有效的试验值与上述模型进行对比分析,显示该模型的合理性。     

铸钢轮材料在700 ℃～20 ℃热循环下断裂机制分析

研究铸钢车轮材料在700℃~20℃热循环温度幅下热疲劳破坏规律。实验结果发现,试样表面出现大量的氧化腐蚀坑,表面主裂纹优先通过这些腐蚀坑扩展。试样表面的氧化腐蚀及氧化皮剥落均比次表层严重,表面的开裂也加速了次表层裂纹的形核和扩展。断口上的二次裂纹以沿晶为主,穿晶为辅,说明蠕变损伤导致晶界弱化。断口处腐蚀坑和夹杂物的开裂对试样热疲劳损伤有重要的促进作用,同时,断口上和表面的破坏互相促进,加深了试样的损伤程度。     

铸钢车轮材料热喷涂层热疲劳试验断口特征分析

分析了某铸钢车轮试样热喷涂层热疲劳试验断口特征。在铸钢车轮材料表面分别热喷涂铁基和镍基两种合金涂层,进行450℃-20℃下热疲劳试验,对断口形貌进行观察。研究发现,铁基与镍基涂层的抗氧化能力优于铸钢车轮材料,表面氧化腐蚀是涂层试样热疲劳损伤的一种主要形式。在热循环过程中涂层本身出现一些开裂,但韧性涂层并未剥落,涂层层状结构阻碍了裂纹向基体的传播,涂层保护了基体。相比之下,镍基涂层效果更好。     

从损伤角度讨论加筋土的强度

进行了加筋土、素土及损伤土的三轴压缩剪切试验,其中损伤土的强度试验按2种方法进行。通过比较,发现加筋土的强度比素土的大,而素土的强度比按方法3所得损伤土的强度大,结合有关文献中的试验资料,按文中定义的5个强度的相互关系分析,认为加筋土的强度是在损伤土的强度基础上增加了一个强度增量而得到,此强度增量是由加筋材料的作用体现出来,若这个增量不足以弥补素土和损伤土之间的强度差值,则加筋土的强度会低于素土的强度,这主要是加筋材料给土试样造成了难以弥补的损伤;若加筋材料的补强作用足以弥补这种损伤,则显示出加筋的作用效果,这种补强作用的效果与加筋材料性质和它在试样中的位置有关;按方法4所得损伤土的强度比素土的强度大,其值同加筋土强度相当,从而证明加筋材料在试样的固结过程起加强作用,试样在剪切阶段表现出比素土高的强度,未发现加筋材料在试样的击实阶段起加强作用。     

浅析《2001年国际燃油污染损害民事责任公约》

介绍即将生效的《2001年国际燃油污染损害民事责任公约》的制定背景,分析燃油、污染损害、连带责任、强制保险或经济担保、证书、公约的效力等概念的界定及其要点,提出我国航运企业应熟知公约内容,密切关注船旗国接受该公约情况的动态,尽可能全面地掌握相关要求,提前取得公约要求的证书和做好必要准备。     

Experimental and numerical investigation of fatigue damage due to wave-induced vibrations in a containership in head seas

Fatigue cracks have been known to occur in welded ships for several decades. For large ocean-going ships wave-induced vibrations can, depending on trade and design, cause up to 50% of the fatigue damage. The vibrations may be due to springing and whipping effects. In this paper, we address the fatigue damage caused by wave-induced vibrations in a containership of newer design trading in the North Atlantic. The fatigue damage was obtained both experimentally and numerically. The experimental results were found from tests performed with a flexible model of the ship, while the numerical predictions were done using nonlinear hydroelastic strip theory. The measurements showed that the wave-induced vibrations contributed approximately 40% of the total fatigue damage. The numerical method predicted the wave frequency damage well, but was found to overestimate the total fatigue damage by 50%. This was mainly due to an overprediction of the wave-induced vibrations. The discrepancy is partly related to three-dimensional (3D) effects which are not included in the two-dimensional (2D) slamming calculation, and partly to an overprediction of the springing contribution. Moreover, the numerical method does not account for the steady wave due to forward speed. By using a simplified approach we show that high-frequency damage can be significantly reduced by including the steady wave for the relevant vessel, implying better agreement with the experimental results.     

Detecting damage to offshore platform structures using the time-domain data

A new method that uses time-domain response data under random loading is proposed for detecting damage to the structural elements of offshore platforms. In our study, a time series model with a fitting order was first constructed using the time-domain of noise data. A sensitivity matrix consisting of the first differential of the autoregressive coefficients of the time series models with respect to the stiffness of structural elements was then obtained based on time-domain response data. Locations and severity of damage may then be estimated by solving the damage vector whose components express the degrees of damage to the structural elements. A unique aspect of this detection method is that it requires acceleration history data from only one or a few sensors. This makes it feasible for a limited array of sensors to obtain sufficient data. The efficiency and reliability of the proposed method was demonstrated by applying it to a simplified offshore platform with damage to one element. Numerical simulations show that the use of a few sensors＇ acceleration history data, when compared with recorded levels of noise, is capable of detecting damage efficiently. An increase in the number of sensors helps improve the diagnosis success rate.