Network operation reliability in a Manhattan-like urban system with adaptive traffic lights

Traffic breakdown to global gridlock occurring in congested traffic network makes the serious traffic congestion even much worse. This paper has proposed to use Network Operation Reliability (NOR) to quantitatively depict the probabilistic feature of traffic breakdown to global gridlock. The Nagel–Schreckenberg cellular automaton model has been used to simulate the traffic flow in a Manhattan-like urban network. A simple adaptive traffic light strategy has been proposed. It has been shown that if vehicles choose to use geometric shortest path, the adaptive traffic signals are able to remarkably enhance the NOR and sometimes the average velocity and the arrival rate as well. The vehicle distribution has been investigated, which has heuristically explained the enhancement of the NOR. A simple perimeter control strategy has been shown to fail to enhance the NOR. Finally, we show that if the time shortest path information could be provided and updated timely, then the NOR can be remarkably enhanced but the adaptive traffic signals have only trivial effect on NOR.     

广州大学城交通信号主动控制方法分析

基于主动控制思想,应用数理统计方法,分析广州大学城交通信号灯灯色转换时刻的变化情况,研究信号灯灯色转换时刻变化的规律,建立灯色转换时刻与时问之间的逻辑关系模型,并建立查询信号灯周期状态的预测模型。通过主动控制的手段,使得驾驶员掌握行驶路段中信号灯的状态,提高交通行车效率。     

压缩机进气消声器在轻型卡车上的应用

本文通过对消声器消声原理及压缩机进气噪声的频率特点的分析,论述了压缩机进气消声器的设计原理及设计过程。通过具体实例,对压缩机进气噪音特点进行研究,设计对应消声器对进气系统进行优化,对设计理论进行验证,在实车上获得了良好的效果。     

Twenty Years of Rail Crowding Valuation Studies: Evidence and Lessons from British Experience

Abstract

This paper reviews evidence from British experience of the valuation of rail crowding obtained over 20 years from 17 studies. It summarizes these studies, places some useful empirical evidence in the public domain and draws lessons from this considerable body of evidence and experience. Crowding valuations, both for standing and seated in crowding conditions, are summarized in terms of time multipliers, which are inherently more transferable than monetary equivalents. A meta‐analysis of 208 valuations is reported, finding the valuations to vary with load factor and journey purpose. The seating multiplier averages 1.19 and the standing multiplier averages 2.32. The latter is in line with widely used multipliers applied to walking and waiting time. The most recent evidence is based around the number of standing passengers per square metre, thereby providing a more accurate measure of the discomfort of standing since, unlike load factor, it allows for the layout of the carriage and ease with which crowding can be accommodated. As far as methodology is concerned, the paper covers issues such as presenting crowding in ‘stated preference’ exercises and the realism of the crowding levels offered, non‐linearities in the relationship between crowding multipliers and the severity and amount of crowding time, and probabilistic versus deterministic representations of crowding. The paper also identifies future areas for research.     

基于激光摄影测量方法的地铁限界检测系统研究*

限界检测系统主要采用激光摄影测量方法快速实现地铁限界非接触式检测,检测系统采用激光摄像式传感器实时采集隧道断面图像,通过对激光摄像式传感器非线性模型进行标定从而建立空间物体与摄像机图像像素之间映射关系,实现隧道断面上待测目标点的距离测量。针对系统中激光光条图像的处理,先后采用图像预处理算法提高图像处理效率,Sobel算子提取激光光条边缘,利用 Sobel算子提供的光条梯度信息经脊线跟踪法实现光条中心亚像素提取,提高检测系统精度。利用研制出的地铁限界检测系统进行现场试验和精度验证。试验表明,地铁限界检测系统能够满足地铁限界高精度检测需求,能够为地铁安全运行发挥重要作用。     

海上光污染对船舶夜航安全的影响及对策分析

从探讨海上光污染的概念出发,分析导致海上光污染的主要因素有城市景观灯光、港口码头作业灯、船舶锚泊灯光、桥梁景观灯;利用亮度对比度、可见度水平的计算方法和格拉斯曼的颜色混合定律分析海上光污染对船舶号灯及助导航标志可识别性的影响;同时,应用医学原理分析了眩光对船舶驾驶员视觉功效的影响.在此基础上,从船舶航行、海上光污染控制、海事主管机关管理、立法4个方面提出保障船舶夜航安全的对策建议.     

汽车组合开关灯光模块的失效分析及改进

通过对东风小霸王系列车型组合开关失效模式的分析，得出了汽车组合开关设计过程中预防灯光模块早期失效的有效方法。     

轻型墩桥梁横向振动检测与加固研究

研究目的：铁路提速后，大部分轻型墩桥梁横向振幅过大，墩与梁横向刚度不匹配问题十分突出，严重地影响了行车安全，为研究该类桥梁横向振幅过大的原因，提出合理的加固方案，特进行轻型墩桥梁横向振动的检测与加固研究。 研究方法：以某轻型墩铁路桥梁为研究对象，进行了车-桥耦合振动现场检测及分析，进而提出了2种加固方案，并进行了加固效果分析。 研究结果：该桥T梁自身跨中横向振幅基本满足规范要求，但各墩顶横向振幅均严重超限。研究结论：轻型墩横向刚度偏低、墩顶横向振幅过大是导致该类桥梁横向振幅过大的主要原因，本文提出在双柱式墩柱之间增设型钢剪力撑或增设两道横向劲性型钢连接并浇筑微膨胀钢筋混凝土，2种加固方案均能有效地提高轻型墩的横向刚度，控制轻型墩桥梁的横向振幅。     

水下微光成像系统

介绍了用于水下反恐的水下微光成像系统,并对设计的关键技术进行了论述.针对系统的微光成像特点,设计了大视场、大相对孔径的光学系统,增加了进入成像器件的光能量,提高了成像质量.根据监测环境的特点,设计自适应照明系统,其光源能随周围光强的变化自行调节亮度,从而使监测环境处于一个均匀亮度状态,减少了监测图像亮暗变化.系统应用于水下微光成像监测,能有效地防止恐怖事件的发生,具有广阔的应用前景.     

德国城市轨道交通的各种制式系统

鉴于中国的城市轨道交通建设已进入了加速发展的大好时期,但由于地铁项目投资巨大,工期长,而且运营、维护成本也很高,地铁不可能满足中国所有城市轨道交通发展的需求,故而必然会转向采用投资较少的其他轨道交通制式.为此,介绍了欧洲大都市轨道交通系统的主要特征,重点阐述了德国城市轨道交通的各种制式系统,包括区域线、市域线、地铁、轻轨等现代城市轨道交通的各方面情况,以供中国同行参考.