ZPW-2000无绝缘轨道电路邻线干扰分析与处置

ZPW-2000轨道电路是运用在自动闭塞系统中的主要轨道电路制式,具有技术成熟、安全可靠性高的特点,随着国内高速铁路建设发展,对轨道电路在复杂环境中的运用维护要求也越来越高。目前,干扰是影响轨道电路运用稳定性的主要制约因素之一,结合典型案例,分析邻线干扰的成因与处置措施。     

山区公路驾驶视觉信息量计算方法研究

为解决山区公路中驾驶视觉信息量难以量化的问题，对驾驶视野图像进行分割，根 据HSV颜色模型，提取视野图像的色调、饱和度、亮度值，再结合车速值，在驾驶视觉心理负荷的基础上，提出山区公路路域环境下的驾驶视觉信息量计算方法.通过实车实验，进行数据采集，并验证计算方法.计算结果表明，在半郁闭型空间行驶时，接收的视觉信息量最大；在郁闭型空间中，接收的信息量最小.计算结果与被试实际感受具有一致性，说明本文提出的驾驶视觉信息量计算方法具有可行性，可为路域环境的合理布设提供一定的技术参考.     

An empirical investigation on consumers’ intentions towards autonomous driving

Major steps towards implementation of autonomous and connected transport are being taken nowadays. The trend of automation technology being used in vehicles by the most important vehicle manufacturing industries is expected to move closer to high or fully Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) through technological advancements in sectors of robotics and artificial intelligence. Vehicles with autonomous driving capabilities are planning to be available on market, in full scale, in the next years. In the longer term substantial benefits are mainly expected for accessibility to transport, safety, traffic flow, emissions, fuel use and comfort. All these potential societal benefits will not be achieved unless AVs are accepted and used by a critical mass of people. Addressing these challenges, this paper: (a) proposes a technology acceptance modelling process by extending the original Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to explain and predict consumers’ intensions towards AVs, (b) based on the proposed TAM-extended framework, a 30-question survey was conducted in order to investigate the factors influencing consumers’ intensions to use and accept AVs. Results show that the constructs of perceived usefulness, perceived ease to use, perceived trust and social influence, are all useful predictors of behavioral intentions to have or use AVs, with perceived usefulness having the strongest impact. The insights derived from this study could significantly contribute to ongoing research related to technology acceptance of AVs and are expected to allow automobile industries to improve their design and technology.     

基于自然驾驶数据的螺旋匝道(桥) 驾驶人心理负荷分析

为得到驾驶人在螺旋型立交匝道路段行车时的驾驶负荷及影响因素，选取4 座山地城市螺旋型立交开展自然驾驶实验，利用车载仪器采集自然驾驶习惯条件下的驾驶人心电信号. 分析心率幅值特征、心率连续差异均方根( RMSSD )整体分布特征，以及其与匝道半径、坡度之间的关系. 结果表明，影响心理负荷的主要因素是车辆行驶环境和匝道曲率变化. 匝道的分、合流鼻端处，以及行车过程中跟车、超车和会车均会使驾驶人心理负荷增大，驾驶人行驶在上坡路段的紧张感高于下坡路段，匝道半径与RMSSD 存在较强的负相关性. 纵坡坡度与心率变异指标之间呈现两种不同的相关关系：不熟练型驾驶人随着坡度增加，RMSSD 呈线性上升的趋势；一般型和熟练型驾驶人表现为中间高两边低的趋势.     

基于自抗扰控制的高速列车自动驾驶速度控制

针对高速列车在复杂环境运行时,传统PID控制器受未建模动态及外界未知干扰导致列车速度追踪误差大的问题,提出一种基于自抗扰控制ADRC(Active Disturbance Rejection Control)的高速列车速度控制算法。基于单质点模型建立列车的状态空间方程,令列车方程中的未知部分作为扩张状态设计二阶自抗扰控制器,并利用CRH380A型列车参数进行仿真,对指定的目标速度曲线进行追踪,证明基于自抗扰控制算法的可行性;同时设置干扰量,与传统PD控制、非线性PID控制算法在抗干扰性能和追踪误差等方面作比较。结果表明,基于自抗扰控制的高速列车速度控制器具有抗干扰性强、追踪误差小的优点。     

人字门顶门施工中自动保顶方案

人字门顶门施工中人工机械保顶不仅使施工存在安全风险，而且施工效率不高。研究机械保顶的使用要求和控制需求，提出可行的自动保顶方案：利用成熟的PLC技术和驱动技术实现机械保顶的自动化。同时，总结分析自动控制方案和配套机械顶设计方案，为人字门顶门施工中人工机械保顶升级改造为自动化控制提供参考。     

Influence of driving patterns on vehicle emissions: A case study for Latin American cities

On-board real-time emission experiments were conducted on 78 light-duty vehicles in Bogota. Direct emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and hydrocarbons (HC) were measured. The relationship between such emissions and vehicle specific power (VSP) was established. The experimental matrix included both gasoline-powered and retrofit dual fuel (gasoline–natural gas) vehicles. The results confirm that VSP is an appropriate metric to obtain correlations between driving patterns and air pollutant emissions. Ninety-five percent of the time vehicles in Bogota operate in a VSP between −15.2 and 17.7 kW ton⁻¹, and 50% of the time they operate between −2.9 and 1.2 kW ton⁻¹, representing low engine-load and near-idling conditions, respectively. When engines are subjected to higher loads, pollutant emissions increase significantly. This demonstrates the relevance of reviewing smog check programs and command-and-control measures in Latin America, which are widely based on static (i.e., idling) emissions testing. The effect of different driving patterns on the city’s emissions inventory was determined using VSP and numerical simulations. For example, improving vehicle flow and reducing sudden and frequent accelerations could curb annual emissions in Bogota by up to 12% for CO₂, 13% for CO and HC, and 24% for NO_x. This also represents possible fuel consumption savings of between 35 and 85 million gallons per year and total potential economic benefits of up to 1400 million dollars per year.     

基于注意力机制的多模态自动驾驶行为决策模型

针对现有端到端自动驾驶模型未考虑驾驶场景中不同区域的重要性和不同语义类别之间的关系而导致预测准确率低的问题，受驾驶人注意力机制和现有端到端自动驾驶模型的启发，充分考虑驾驶场景的动态变化、驾驶场景的语义信息和深度信息对驾驶行为决策的影响，以连续多帧驾驶场景的RGB图像为输入，构建一种基于注意力机制的多模态自动驾驶行为预测模型，实现对方向盘转角和车速的准确预测。首先，通过语义分割模型和单目深度估计模型分别获取RGB图像的语义图像和深度图像；其次，为剔除与驾驶行为决策无关信息，以神经科学和空间抑制理论为基础，设计一种拟人化注意力机制作为能量函数来计算驾驶场景中不同区域的重要度；为学习语义图像中与驾驶行为决策最为相关类别之间的关系，采用图注意力网络(Graph Attention Network,GAT)对驾驶场景的语义图像进行特征提取；然后，以保留RGB特征为原则对提取的驾驶场景的图像特征、语义特征和深度特征进行融合，采用卷积长短期记忆网络(Convolutional Long Short Term Memory,ConvLSTM)实现融合特征在连续多帧之间的传递，进而实现下一帧驾驶场景对应驾驶行为的预测；最后，与其他模型的对比试验、消融试验、泛化试验和特征可视化试验来充分验证所提出自动驾驶行为预测模型的性能。试验结果表明：与其他驾驶行为预测模型相比，所提出模型的训练误差为0.021 2，预测准确率为86.97%，均方误差为0.031 5，其驾驶行为的预测性能优于其他模型；连续多帧的语义图像和深度图像、拟人化注意力机制和面向语义特征提取的GAT有助于提升驾驶行为预测的性能；该模型具有较好的泛化能力,其做出驾驶行为预测所依赖的特征与经验丰富的驾驶人所关注的特征基本一致。     

基于时间卷积自编码网络的实时交通事件自动检测方法

为了提高道路异常交通事件检测效率并降低误报率,提出了一种基于时间卷积自编码网络的实时交通事件自动检测方法。首先设计了基于波动相似性度量的交通模式搜索算法用来筛选具有相同交通规律的样本数据;并构造了交通流模式矩阵作为网络模型输入,以避免样本不均衡与单一样本数据随机性对交通模式学习的干扰;同时设计了新的时间卷积自编码网络对交通模式特征进行无监督提取并对未来交通参数进行合理预测;为了降低交通流参数随机波动性带来的事件判别的干扰,设计了异常状态评估方法,通过对模型预测误差分布的学习,结合当前检测数据给出最终的事件判定结果。采用美国西雅图I90公路与I405公路2015年全年的交通流检测数据与历史事故数据进行实证研究,并与6种典型交通事件检测算法进行性能对比。研究结果表明:基于时间卷积自编码网络的实时交通事件自动检测算法具有较高的检测率、较低的误报率以及更快的平均检测时间;综合各种交通运行情况下,可接受误检率分别为5%、10%时,平均检测率可分别达到93%、98%;同时算法能够自适应学习交通状态的动态变化,对不同交通运行环境具有较强适应性与稳定性。     

Platoon based cooperative driving model with consideration of realistic inter-vehicle communication

Recent developments of information and communication technologies (ICT) have enabled vehicles to timely communicate with each other through wireless technologies, which will form future (intelligent) traffic systems (ITS) consisting of so-called connected vehicles. Cooperative driving with the connected vehicles is regarded as a promising driving pattern to significantly improve transportation efficiency and traffic safety. Nevertheless, unreliable vehicular communications also introduce packet loss and transmission delay when vehicular kinetic information or control commands are disseminated among vehicles, which brings more challenges in the system modeling and optimization. Currently, no data has been yet available for the calibration and validation of a model for ITS, and most research has been only conducted for a theoretical point of view. Along this line, this paper focuses on the (theoretical) development of a more general (microscopic) traffic model which enables the cooperative driving behavior via a so-called inter-vehicle communication (IVC). To this end, we design a consensus-based controller for the cooperative driving system (CDS) considering (intelligent) traffic flow that consists of many platoons moving together. More specifically, the IEEE 802.11p, the de facto vehicular networking standard required to support ITS applications, is selected as the IVC protocols of the CDS, in order to investigate how the vehicular communications affect the features of intelligent traffic flow. This study essentially explores the relationship between IVC and cooperative driving, which can be exploited as the reference for the CDS optimization and design.