基于 AHP 和物元分析的愤怒驾驶状态辨识研究

驾驶人在愤怒情绪下的驾驶行为是影响车辆行驶安全性的重要因素之一,愤怒驾驶情绪的产生及其程度受到驾驶人自身和道路交通环境中多因素的影响。文中综合考虑驾驶人自身因素和行车环境对驾驶状态的影响,提出了愤怒驾驶状态的辨识方法。文中筛选了与愤怒驾驶行为相关的驾驶人因素和道路环境因素,构建了1个驾驶人愤怒状态辨识的层次分析模型,并根据相关因素之间对愤怒驾驶行为影响的重要程度构造判断矩阵,求出各相关因素对愤怒驾驶行为的影响权值。应用综合权重的物元多属性决策方法辨识驾驶人的愤怒驾驶状态及程度。应用所提出的方法对22组实车试验中出现的愤怒驾驶状态进行辨识,结果表明,72.7%的结果与实车实验所得的结果相符,因此,该方法可对愤怒驾驶行为进行识别。文中所提出的方法能够融合驾驶人因素和环境因素对愤怒驾驶行为的影响,有效的辨识出驾驶人的愤怒驾驶状况及程度。     

基于注视转移模式的驾驶熟练程度评价方法

为了客观量化评价驾驶人驾驶熟练程度, 分析了实车试验环境中的眼动仪采集数据。采取注视区域划分方法, 选取8个注视转移模式表征参数作为评价指标。运用主成分分析方法研究了15个驾驶人眼动数据, 得到了基于注视转移模式的驾驶熟练程度计算方法。试验结果表明: 15个驾驶人驾驶熟练程度评价得分值与其驾驶经验里程之间存在密切关系; 运用提出的方法, 可以清楚区分以5.0×10⁴ km驾驶经验里程为界限的2个群体, 但是在每个群体内部, 驾驶人驾驶熟练程度评价得分不呈现明显的规律性。     

Big data driven dynamic driving cycle development for busses in urban public transportation

Field-relevant reference driving cycles, equivalent to real-life operation, are a prerequisite for the consistent development and testing of vehicles, their components, and control algorithms. Furthermore they are the basis for certification and type testing. However, a static cycle can easily be detected during vehicle testing, so that optimized control parameters could be used to obtain improved emission results under test conditions. In this paper, a novel method is described and applied to generate a dynamic driving cycle that statistically matches the real-life operation of a vehicle. The analysis is performed based on an extensive field data set obtained during an automated measurement campaign of public busses for more than a full year with 27,365 h of operation and 315,583 km driven in the city of Hamburg (Germany). The data collected is statistically compared to the static reference cycles New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and Worldwide harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP). Two micro trip models with increasing complexity are described and fit to the data set. All models are quantitatively compared to the measured data set applying a Quality of Fit (QoF) indicator. Based on the highest consistency to field data, a non-deterministic driving cycle generator is developed and its output is statistically compared to the original measurement. In contrast to the existing reference cycles, the dynamic output of the non-deterministic driving cycle generator presented in this paper is statistically proven to be consistent with real-life operation of public busses in the urban environment of Hamburg.     

Eco-driving training of professional bus drivers – Does it work?

The drive to reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions is one shared by both businesses and governments. Although many businesses in the European Union undertake interventions, such as driver training, there is relatively little research which has tested the efficacy of this approach and that which does exist has methodological limitations. One emerging technology employed to deliver eco-driving training is driver training using a simulator. The present study investigated whether bus drivers trained in eco-driving techniques were able to implement this learning in a simulator and whether this training would also transfer into the workplace. A total of 29 bus drivers attended an all-day eco-driving course and their driving was tested using a simulator both before and after the course. A further 18 bus drivers comprised the control group, and they attended first aid courses as well as completing the same simulator drives (before-after training). The bus drivers who were given the eco-driving training significantly improved fuel economy figures in the simulator, while there was no change in fuel economy for the control group. Actual fuel economy figures were also provided by the bus companies immediately before the training, immediately after the training and six months after the training. As expected there were no significant changes in fuel economy for the control group. However, fuel economy for the treatment group improved significantly immediately after the eco-driving training (11.6%) and this improvement was even larger six months after the training (16.9%). This study shows that simulator-based training in eco-driving techniques has the potential to significantly reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the road transport sector.     

An empirical investigation on consumers’ intentions towards autonomous driving

Major steps towards implementation of autonomous and connected transport are being taken nowadays. The trend of automation technology being used in vehicles by the most important vehicle manufacturing industries is expected to move closer to high or fully Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) through technological advancements in sectors of robotics and artificial intelligence. Vehicles with autonomous driving capabilities are planning to be available on market, in full scale, in the next years. In the longer term substantial benefits are mainly expected for accessibility to transport, safety, traffic flow, emissions, fuel use and comfort. All these potential societal benefits will not be achieved unless AVs are accepted and used by a critical mass of people. Addressing these challenges, this paper: (a) proposes a technology acceptance modelling process by extending the original Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to explain and predict consumers’ intensions towards AVs, (b) based on the proposed TAM-extended framework, a 30-question survey was conducted in order to investigate the factors influencing consumers’ intensions to use and accept AVs. Results show that the constructs of perceived usefulness, perceived ease to use, perceived trust and social influence, are all useful predictors of behavioral intentions to have or use AVs, with perceived usefulness having the strongest impact. The insights derived from this study could significantly contribute to ongoing research related to technology acceptance of AVs and are expected to allow automobile industries to improve their design and technology.     

Utilizing naturalistic driving data for in-depth analysis of driver lane-keeping behavior in rain: Non-parametric MARS and parametric logistic regression modeling approaches

It is known that adverse weather conditions can affect driver performance due to reduction in visibility and slippery surface conditions. Lane keeping is one of the main factors that might be affected by weather conditions. Most of the previous studies on lane keeping have investigated driver lane-keeping performance from driver inattention perspective. In addition, the majority of previous lane-keeping studies have been conducted in controlled environments such as driving simulators. Therefore, there is a lack of studies that investigate driver lane-keeping ability considering adverse weather conditions in naturalistic settings. In this study, the relationship between weather conditions and driver lane-keeping performance was investigated using the SHRP2 naturalistic driving data for 141 drivers between 19 and 89 years of age. Moreover, a threshold was introduced to differentiate lane keeping and lane changing in naturalistic driving data. Two lane-keeping models were developed using the logistic regression and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) to better understand factors affecting driver lane-keeping ability considering adverse weather conditions. The results revealed that heavy rain can significantly increase the standard deviation of lane position (SDLP), which is a very widely used method for analyzing lane-keeping ability. It was also found that traffic conditions, driver age and experience, and posted speed limits have significant effects on driver lane-keeping ability. An interesting finding of this study is that drivers have a better lane-keeping ability in roadways with higher posted speed limits. The results from this study might provide better insights into understanding the complex effect of adverse weather conditions on driver behavior.     

Dynamic charging infrastructure deployment for plug-in hybrid electric trucks

Inspired by the rapid development of charging-while-driving (CWD) technology, plans are ongoing in government agencies worldwide for the development of electrified road freight transportation systems through the deployment of dynamic charging lanes. This en route method for the charging of plug-in hybrid electric trucks is expected to supplement the more conventional charging technique, thus enabling significant reduction in fossil fuel consumption and pollutant emission from road freight transportation. In this study, we investigated the optimal deployment of dynamic charging lanes for plug-in hybrid electric trucks. First, we developed a multi-class multi-criteria user equilibrium model of the route choice behaviors of truck and passenger car drivers and the resultant equilibrium flow distributions. Considering that the developed user equilibrium model may have non-unique flow distributions, a robust deployment of dynamic charging lanes that optimizes the system performance under the worst-case flow distributions was targeted. The problem was formulated as a generalized semi-infinite min-max program, and a heuristic algorithm for solving it was proposed. This paper includes numerical examples that were used to demonstrate the application of the developed models and solution algorithms.     

Infrastructure assisted adaptive driving to stabilise heterogeneous vehicle strings

Literature has shown potentials of Connected/Cooperative Automated Vehicles (CAVs) in improving highway operations, especially on roadway capacity and flow stability. However, benefits were also shown to be negligible at low market penetration rates. This work develops a novel adaptive driving strategy for CAVs to stabilise heterogeneous vehicle strings by controlling one CAV under vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. Assumed is a roadside system with V2I communications, which receives control parameters of the CAV in the string and estimates parameters imperfectly of non-connected automated vehicles. It determines the adaptive control parameters (e.g. desired time gap and feedback gains) of the CAV if a downstream disturbance is identified and sends them to the CAV. The CAV changes its behaviour based on the adaptive parameters commanded by the roadside system to suppress the disturbance.The proposed adaptive driving strategy is based on string stability analysis of heterogeneous vehicle strings. To this end, linearised vehicle dynamics model and control law are used in the controller parametrisation and Laplace transform of the speed and gap error dynamics in time domain to frequency domain enables the determination of sufficient string stability criteria of heterogeneous strings. The analytical string stability conditions give new insights into automated vehicular string stability properties in relation to the system properties of time delays and controller design parameters of feedback gains and desired time gap. It further allows the quantification of a stability margin, which is subsequently used to adapt the feedback control gains and desired time gap of the CAV to suppress the amplification of gap and speed errors through the string.Analytical results are verified via systematic simulation of both homogeneous and heterogeneous strings. Simulation demonstrates the predictive power of the analytical string stability conditions. The performance of the adaptive driving strategy under V2I cooperation is tested in simulation. Results show that even the estimation of control parameters of non-connected automated vehicles are imperfect and there is mismatch between the model used in analytical derivation and that in simulation, the proposed adaptive driving strategy suppresses disturbances in a wide range of situations.     

基于客观风险感知特性的前向碰撞预警算法优化与标定

为提升高级驾驶辅助系统(ADAS)预警算法在复杂行车环境下的适应性, 提出了一种基于车辆运动学和风险感知特性的综合预警算法——客观风险感知(ORP)算法; 通过典型工况下的分析与推导, 表明其预警算法为THW、TTC和SM预警算法的综合形式; 为了标定预警算法的参数阈值, 开展了累计4 500 km自然驾驶试验, 最终筛选出409例有效临近碰撞事件, 提取了释放油门、踩下制动时刻的客观风险感知参数分布特征; 根据自然驾驶数据中提取的临近碰撞事件及其参数特征, 对风险预警算法参数进行标定; 在模拟驾驶环境下开发了前向碰撞预警算法, 通过4种风险场景开展了算法验证试验。研究结果表明: 基于自然驾驶数据的参数标定, 客观风险感知预警算法的两级预警参数阈值分别为1.4、0.8 s; 基于典型风险工况下的微观驾驶行为特性对比, 预警有效性方面ORP预警算法稍高于RP预警算法, 二者预警有效性显著高于TTC预警算法; 在预警算法下所有驾驶片段的最小碰撞时间均值方面, ORP预警算法为2.02 s, RP预警算法为1.90 s, TTC预警算法为1.65 s, 表明ORP预警算法能适应复杂风险环境下的风险辨识。基于大量实车试验参数标定与效果验证后, 所提出预警算法可用于高级驾驶辅助系统风险辨识。     

基于在线有向无环图的船舶轨迹压缩算法

为了解决船舶轨迹数据的压缩问题, 提出了一种船舶轨迹在线压缩算法; 使用多次滑动推算船位判断方法清洗船舶轨迹, 使用在线有向无环图在干净轨迹上建立压缩路径树并输出采样点; 为了提高轨迹队列和路径树在内存中的查询速度, 使用哈希表对其进行管理; 为了验证提出算法的效果, 比较了真实船舶自动识别系统数据与方向保留算法、道格拉斯-普克算法的压缩时间和误差, 采用可视化方法分析了原始轨迹、清洗轨迹和压缩轨迹。试验结果表明: 在压缩时间方面, 方向保留算法和道格拉斯-普克算法的压缩时间分别约为提出算法的1.1、1.3倍, 说明提出的算法比其他2种算法的处理时间更短; 提出的算法在压缩过程中保留了时间信息, 平均同步欧氏距离误差在任何压缩率下都能保持在10 m以下, 最大同步欧氏距离误差在压缩率为1%时仅有127 m, 而其他2种算法的平均同步欧氏距离误差和最大同步欧氏距离误差不受控制, 会随机变化; 在垂直距离误差方面, 提出的算法与道格拉斯-普克算法在压缩率不小于5%的条件下, 都能保证垂直距离误差小于20 m, 而方向保留算法的垂直距离误差会随机变化; 在显示效果方面, 提出的算法能有效清除轨迹噪声点, 压缩轨迹能够较好地代表原始轨迹的宏观交通流情况。可见, 提出的算法能更高效地保留原始轨迹的形状和时间信息。