利用激光点云的城市无人驾驶路径规划算法

为了解决随机采样算法受感知环境不确定性影响下的弱鲁棒性以及弱可靠性问题，采用一种基于激光空间势场的渐优随机采样算法框架来设计符合无人驾驶需要的规划算法。针对感知环境的不确定性，首先基于势场原理与激光障碍物点云构建一个融入了斥力场的规划空间，解决激光障碍物提取中的过分割等问题。其次，利用规划空间来处理随机采样算法中的采样策略、最优母节点选取策略、修剪策略以及最终路径选择策略。再次，在算法中加入了Anytime策略来提高优化解的利用率，使得算法的计算效率满足无人驾驶实时性的要求。同时，为了保证无人驾驶中规划路径的鲁棒性与可靠性，创建了一个综合5重因素的代价函数来选择最优路径，并根据不同的无人驾驶场景来调整相对应的参数；最后在城市测试道路上进行了实地测试。结果表明：设计的算法框架能够适应最高时速40 km·h^-1的城区驾驶环境，并能完成跟驰、换道、融入以及静动态障碍物的避障决策。在与SST算法的对比试验中，所提出的算法在各个试验中的轨迹、方向盘转角以及速度的平滑性都优于SST算法，其轨迹与障碍物的距离也优于SST算法。     

Fuzzy sliding mode control method for vertical motion of autonomous underwater gliders北大核心CSCD

［Objective］This paper proposes a fuzzy sliding mode controller based on T-S fuzzy logic for the vertical plane motion control of an autonomous underwater glider (AUG) with limited actuator capability. ［Methods］In the fuzzy sliding mode controller, the fuzzy switching rate is used to replace the switching rate in the fixed time controller to effectively suppress buffeting. The fuzzy switching rate is obtained by fitting the switching rate of the fixed time controller with T-S fuzzy rules. Based on the limited capabilities of AUG actuators, a saturation auxiliary system is designed to improve the actuator saturation effect. Finally, the performance of the system is verified by Lyapunov stability analysis and numerical simulation. ［Results］The results show that the AUG under the fuzzy sliding mode controller and the saturation auxiliary system can converge in finite time. The effectiveness of the fuzzy sliding mode controller and the saturation auxiliary system are verified by numerical simulation. ［Conclusions］By making comparisons with the fixed-time controller, it is verified that the two controllers have similar control performance, and the buffeting of the fuzzy sliding mode controller is lesser. © 2022 Journal of Clinical Hepatology. All rights reserved.     

A nonlinear model predictive control formulation for obstacle avoidance in high-speed autonomous ground vehicles in unstructured environments

This paper presents a nonlinear model predictive control (MPC) formulation for obstacle avoidance in high-speed, large-size autono-mous ground vehicles (AGVs) with high centre of gravity (CoG) that operate in unstructured environments, such as military vehicles. The term ‘unstructured’ in this context denotes that there are no lanes or traffic rules to follow. Existing MPC formulations for passenger vehicles in structured environments do not readily apply to this context. Thus, a new nonlinear MPC formulation is developed to navigate an AGV from its initial position to a target position at high-speed safely. First, a new cost function formulation is used that aims to find the shortest path to the target position, since no reference trajectory exists in unstructured environments. Second, a region partitioning approach is used in conjunction with a multi-phase optimal control formulation to accommodate the complicated forms the obstacle-free region can assume due to the presence of multiple obstacles in the prediction horizon in an unstructured environment. Third, the no-wheel-lift-off condition, which is the major dynamical safety concern for high-speed, high-CoG AGVs, is ensured by limiting the steering angle within a range obtained offline using a 14 degrees-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model. Thus, a safe, high-speed navigation is enabled in an unstructured environment. Simulations of an AGV approaching multiple obstacles are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.     

基于北斗/INS的移动型水质监测系统设计与实现

移动型水质监测系统由无人巡航船和陆面监控平台组成。无人巡航船利用"北斗一号"传输水质信息,利用"北斗二号"和惯性导航系统输出的导航信息。无人巡航船可实现自主移动、采集水质信息和发送信息;陆面监控平台可接收水质信息,该信息能在以Lab VIEW为环境开发的上位机软件上显示、存储和查询。对系统进行了测试,3个通信试验的平均丢包率分别为2.42%、2.5%和2.3%,通信丢包率低,无人巡航船运行轨迹和预设轨迹基本重合,能准确巡迹。     

AUV均衡系统设计及垂直面运动控制研究

针对AUV传统均衡调节系统存在难以克服的缺陷而无法实用的问题,设计了一种新型液压均衡系统。该系统主要由油箱和安装在AUV轴线上的两个油囊组成,通过调节油箱和油囊的油量来调节AUV的姿态和浮态。同时在简化AUV垂直面运动模型的基础上,构建了深度控制、纵倾控制和浮态控制模型,并基于PID和均衡系统设计了深度控制、纵倾控制和浮态控制方法。仿真结果表明在无干扰和有干扰两种情况下,设计的均衡系统能有效控制AUV的垂直面运动;建立的AUV垂直面运动控制模型符合AUV运行特性;PID控制算法适合海流干扰下的AUV均衡控制,且具有良好的控制品质。     

欠驱动自主水下航行器的镇定及跟踪

针对仅带有轴向推力及偏航力矩的欠驱动自主水下航行器（AUV）,研究了其在水平面内的轨迹跟踪及定点调节问题。基于Lyapunov直接法及串接一反步技术,通过采用一种带有动力学震荡器的跟踪误差变换,设计了一种统一的连续时变状态反馈控制律,并给出了参数自适应更新律以估计AUV的非线性阻力参数,使得AUV的位置及方向角的跟踪误差全局渐近收敛于零点左右的一个邻域内,该区域可以为任意小,并且,AUV的跟踪性能与外界干扰的大小无关。仿真结果证明所提出的方法是有效的。     

自动驾驶多传感器融合的时间校准方法研究

针对自动驾驶感知域系统的激光雷达、图像传感器、惯性测量单元3种传感器数据融合的时基校准问题,利用机械式激光雷达自身特征设计校准设备、系统及实验方法.基于激光雷达的触发事件和车载图像传感器感知特征,实现两种传感器时基在线标定,并通过示波器测量校验证明该方法的有效性.利用激光雷达扫描频率与触发事件时间差相互关联的特征,将激...     

共享无人驾驶交通系统调度技术综述

众多研究证明共享无人驾驶车辆（SAVs）交通系统，能够实现车辆完全可控并为乘客提供个性化服务，即克服导致共享单车大量倒闭的运维和调配难题，也可消除制约公交竞争力的准时性、舒适性、覆盖性差的不足，有望成为未来城市交通的主体出行模式之一，并在很大程度上解决交通拥堵、环境污染、能源紧缺等城市病。基于此，总结SAVs交通系统相对传统共享车辆系统在不同运行模式方面的优点及不足，综述SAVs交通系统的调度技术。从SAVs交通系统运行过程出发，总结并分析SAVs交通系统不同运行方式，包括SAVs交通系统出行需求产生方式、车辆与需求匹配方式、车辆路径规划与车辆再平衡方式，以及运行方式与系统参数发生变化时对车辆行驶里程、车辆行驶时间、车队规模、乘客等待时间和服务水平等系统性能的积极与消极影响。对现有成果的梳理发现对于SAVs交通系统运行与性能的研究虽然取得了很大进展，但对于选择SAVs的出行需求计算多未考虑需求转移的影响，能够有效在大型路网中使用的系统模型与算法依然缺乏，且对于SAVs交通系统的调度研究考虑的形式可以更加多样，使之更符合现实情况。最后，基于提高SAVs系统性能对未来研究方向进行了展望，提出一些可能的研究课题。研究成果可为SAVs交通系统的研究提供参考。     

Trends in vehicle motion control for automated driving on public roads

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we describe how vehicle systems and the vehicle motion control are affected by automated driving on public roads. We describe the redundancy needed for a road vehicle to meet certain safety goals. The concept of system safety as well as system solutions to fault tolerant actuation of steering and braking and the associated fault tolerant power supply is described. Notably restriction of the operational domain in case of reduced capability of the driving automation system is discussed. Further we consider path tracking, state estimation of vehicle motion control required for automated driving as well as an example of a minimum risk manoeuver and redundant steering by means of differential braking. The steering by differential braking could offer heterogeneous or dissimilar redundancy that complements the redundancy of described fault tolerant steering systems for driving automation equipped vehicles. Finally, the important topic of verification of driving automation systems is addressed.