A fast implementation of MPC-based motion cueing algorithms for mid-size road vehicle motion simulators

The use of dynamic driving simulators is constantly increasing in the automotive community, with applications ranging from vehicle development to rehab and driver training. The effectiveness of such devices is related to their capabilities of well reproducing the driving sensations, hence it is crucial that the motion control strategies generate both realistic and feasible inputs to the platform. Such strategies are called motion cueing algorithms (MCAs). In recent years several MCAs based on model predictive control (MPC) techniques have been proposed. The main drawback associated with the use of MPC is its computational burden, that may limit their application to high performance dynamic simulators. In the paper, a fast, real-time implementation of an MPC-based MCA for 9 DOF, high performance platform is proposed. Effectiveness of the approach in managing the available working area is illustrated by presenting experimental results from an implementation on a real device with a 200?Hz control frequency.     

"雷达操作与模拟器"专业培训改革建议

"雷达操作与模拟器"专业培训是海船驾驶员基本的专业培训之一。随着航海技术的不断发展,需要对原"培训纲要"进行补充和完善,或在教学培训中增加新的知识和内容。本文在总结近十年培训经验的基础上,对"培训纲要"和培训内容提出了修改意见和建议,使"雷达操作与模拟器"专业培训在时间的利用上和内容的组织上,都将更加高效。     

驾驶模拟器视景仿真系统的模块化建模方法

在KMRTS驾驶模拟系统的核心模块——视景仿真系统已有的研究基础上,提出一种模块化方法来提高视景建模的效率,并给出该方法的基本思想、关键理论、程序设计流程及相应实例,应用结果证明该方法满足驾驶模拟器视景仿真系统的实时性与逼真性的要求,提高视景建模的效率。     

汽车驾驶模拟器在交通工程中的应用

提出了由实时控制与仿真计算机系统、视景模拟系统、声响模拟系统、运动模拟系统和中央控制台等组成的汽车驾驶模拟系统总体结构．汽车模拟器应用在交通工程中涉及3种主要仿真模型——汽车动力学模型、路网模型和交通仿真模型．以车辆在交叉路口从次干道左转弯到主干道时，主干道直行车辆之间最小可接受车头时距为例，介绍了利用汽车模拟器进行交通工程仿真研究的方法．     

Weather and road geometry impact on longitudinal driving behavior: Exploratory analysis using an empirically supported acceleration modeling framework

The objective of this paper is to quantify and characterize driver behavior under different roadway geometries and weather conditions. In order to explore how a driver perceives the rapidly changing driving surrounding (i.e. different weather conditions and road geometry configurations) and executes acceleration maneuvers accordingly, this paper extends a Prospect Theory based acceleration modeling framework. A driving simulator is utilized to conduct 76 driving experiments. Foggy weather, icy and wet roadway surfaces, horizontal and vertical curves, and different lane and shoulder widths are simulated while having participants driving behind a yellow cab at speeds/headways of their choice. After studying the driving trends observed in the different driving experiments, the extended Prospect Theory based acceleration model is calibrated using the produced trajectory data. The extended Prospect Theory based model parameters are able to reflect a change in risk-perception and acceleration maneuvering when receiving different parameterized exogenous information. The results indicate that drivers invest more attention and effort to deal with the roadway challenges compared to the effort to deal with the weather conditions. Moreover, the calibrated model is used to simulate a highway segment and observe the produced fundamental diagram. The preliminary results suggest that the model is capable of capturing driver behavior under different roadway and weather conditions leading to changes in capacity and traffic disruptions.     

Dynamic stability of forklift trucks in cornering situations: parametrical analysis using a driving simulator

This paper describes the examination of the vehicle dynamics and stability of four-wheeled forklift trucks (FLTs) in cornering situations. Cornering at excessive speed is one major reason for fatal accidents with forklifts caused by lateral tipover. In order to increase the lateral stability of this kind of working machinery, the influence of certain important design properties has been studied using an appropriate vehicle simulation model and a driving simulator. The simulation model is based on a multi-body system approach and includes submodels for the propulsion system and the tyres. The driving behaviour of the operator has not been modelled. Instead, a driving simulator has been built up and a real human driver was employed for ensuring adequate and realistic model input. As there have not been any suitable standardised test manoeuvres available for FLTs, a new driving test has been developed to assess the lateral stability. This test resembles the well-known J turn/Fishhook turn, but includes a more dynamic counter-steering action. Furthermore, the dimensions of the test track are defined. Therefore, the test is better adapted to the driving dynamics of forklifts and reflects the real driver behaviour more closely. Finally, a parametrical study has been performed, examining the influence of certain important technical properties of the truck such as the maximum speed, the position of centre of gravity, rear axle design features and tyre properties. The results of this study may lead to a better understanding of the vehicle dynamics of forklifts and facilitate goal-oriented design improvements.     

Real-time estimation of road–tyre adherence for motorcycles

Improving braking skills of a rider supported by a real-time training device embedded in the motorcycle represents a possible strategy to deal with safety issues associated with the use of powered two wheelers. A challenging aspect of the braking trainer system is the evaluation of the adherence between tyre and road surface on each wheel. This paper presents a possible method to evaluate the current and maximum adherence during a braking manoeuvre. The proposed approach was positively validated through multi-body simulations and experimental data acquired in naturalistic riding conditions.     

Tuning and objective performance evaluation of a driving simulator to investigate tyre behaviour in on-centre handling manoeuvres

Driving simulation aims at reproducing, within a safe and controlled environment, sensorial stimuli as close to those perceived during the actual drive as possible, in order to induce driving behaviour similar to the real one. This paper illustrates an activity carried out on the driving simulator Virtual Environment for Road Safety, bound for system performance optimisation while dealing with subjective and objective tyres evaluation in the field of on-centre manoeuvres. Such activity can be divided into two main steps. The first one, described herewith, has been focusing on platform motion algorithms tuning and has led to driving simulator objective validation within the on-centre range. Device capability of reproducing dynamics, worked out by the vehicle model, has been thoroughly examined. Simulator sensitivity to a few tyre parameters influencing vehicle lateral dynamics has been analysed too. The second step – calling for the support of experienced drivers – will pursue subjective validation.     

Model predictive driving simulator motion cueing algorithm with actuator-based constraints

The simulator motion cueing problem has been considered extensively in the literature; approaches based on linear filtering and optimal control have been presented and shown to perform reasonably well. More recently, model predictive control (MPC) has been considered as a variant of the optimal control approach; MPC is perhaps an obvious candidate for motion cueing due to its ability to deal with constraints, in this case the platform workspace boundary. This paper presents an MPC-based cueing algorithm that, unlike other algorithms, uses the actuator positions and velocities as the constraints. The result is a cueing algorithm that can make better use of the platform workspace whilst ensuring that its bounds are never exceeded. The algorithm is shown to perform well against the classical cueing algorithm and an algorithm previously proposed by the authors, both in simulation and in tests with human drivers.     

无纵向风下环境压强对拱顶最高温度影响数值研究

为了给高海拔隧道火灾防灾救援设计提供参考依据，通过火灾动态模拟软件(FDS)建立全尺寸模型隧道，设置5种不同环境压强，研究环境压强对隧道火灾拱顶最高温度的影响。结果表明： 1)相同火源热释放速率(HRR)下，拱顶最高温度随着压强降低而增大； 2)环境压强降低引起的空气密度与卷吸强度变化是造成拱顶最高温度变化的主要原因。基于理论分析和数值计算结果，提出考虑环境压强的拱顶最高温度预测模型。预测模型拱顶最高温度与考虑环境压强的无量纲热释放速率的2/3次幂成正比，试验数据验证了预测模型的可靠性。