船载防避台智能决策支持技术研究

以船舶防避台实践经验、典型案例和领域科研成果为基础,用现代科技手段,研究船载防避台智能决策支持技术.它由电子海图、船舶动态管理、台风信息查询和台风路径自动标绘、船-台综合态势实时计算和模拟避台、避台智能决策等5个分支组成.综合运用相似理论、天气图方法、卫星云图分析法、台风数值预报等学科理论,构建船舶防台数据库、模型库、知识库,实现对船舶和台风路径全过程实时跟踪和监控、船-台态势分析、威胁等级判断、台风路径补充改正和航线天气预报、避台智能决策.     

Benefit of speed reduction for ships in different weather conditions

Currently, the shipping industry is facing a great challenge of reducing emissions. Reducing ship speeds will reduce the emissions in the immediate future with no additional infrastructure. However, a detailed investigation is required to verify the claim that a 10% speed reduction would lead to 19% fuel savings (Faber et al., 2012).This paper investigates fuel savings due to speed reduction using detailed modeling of ship performance. Three container ships, two bulk carriers, and one tanker, representative of the shipping fleet, have been designed. Voyages have been simulated by modeling calm water resistance, wave resistance, propulsion efficiency, and engine limits. Six ships have been simulated in various weather conditions at different speeds. Potential fuel savings have been estimated for a range of speed reductions in realistic weather.It is concluded that the common assumption of cubic speed-power relation can cause a significant error in the estimation of bunker consumption. Simulations in different seasons have revealed that fuel savings due to speed reduction are highly weather dependent. Therefore, a simple way to include the effect of weather in shipping transport models has been proposed.Speed reduction can lead to an increase in the number of ships to fulfill the transport demand. Therefore, the emission reduction potential of speed reduction strategy, after accounting for the additional ships, has been studied. Surprisingly, when the speed is reduced by 30%, fuel savings vary from 2% to 45% depending on ship type, size and weather conditions. Fuel savings further reduce when the auxiliary engines are considered.     

基于线性路径跟踪控制的换道避撞控制策略研究

为实现车辆自主避撞,改善道路交通安全状况,提出一种基于线性路径跟踪控制的换道避撞控制策略。为实时确定制动和换道时机,获取跟车状态下自车和前车车速、加速度、相对距离以及驾驶人制动反应时间计算制动安全距离和换道安全距离,并在此基础上分别引入制动危险系数B和换道危险系数S评估制动与换道风险,使得车辆发生追尾碰撞的危险程度和主动干预阈值更直观。根据车辆期望横向加速度和期望横向位移的变化特性,采用5次多项式法规划符合驾驶人换道避撞特性的避撞路径。为保证换道避撞过程中驾驶人的安全舒适,采用最大横向加速度约束换道避撞轨迹。为实现对换道避撞路径的线性跟踪控制,保证车辆的操纵稳定性和横摆稳定性,基于车辆稳态动力学模型建立前馈控制,结合线性反馈控制消除换道路径的位置和横摆角偏差,修正参考路径实现直车道场景追尾避撞控制。仿真和实车交叉验证试验表明：根据车辆期望横向加速度和期望横向位移建立的符合驾驶人换道避撞特性的五次多项式换道路径与驾驶人实际换道避撞路径基本吻合,结合碰撞时间和车间时距的制动避撞控制策略能够在保证车辆行驶安全舒适性的同时有效避免车辆追尾碰撞,减少交通事故的发生。     

基于贝叶斯概率估计的智能电动车动态目标避障算法

为了实现智能电动车在中汽中心智能网联示范基地内的动态避障,首先将直角坐标系与曲线坐标系进行转换,构建以参考路径的弧长s为横坐标,横向偏移距离q为纵坐标的曲线坐标系;其次,在曲线坐标系中利用三次多项式生成满足初始位姿与子目标点位姿的候选路径,同时对标准化常量的似然函数进行定义,在此基础上利用贝叶斯定理对每条候选路径的危险等级进行概率估计;在动态避障过程中,借鉴速度障碍法对碰撞威胁进行实时检测,并建立最短避障时间和安全距离的数学模型来实现高效的动态避障,最后对行人占用车道行走与横穿马路2种典型场景进行动态避障试验。研究结果表明：在曲线坐标系中,通过横向偏移距离能够便捷地建立起一系列候选路径,克服在直角坐标系中寻找移动子目标点这个难题;在寻找安全路径方面,由于智能电动车工作环境的不确定性,利用贝叶斯定理对候选路径危险等级进行概率计算的方法可靠性更高,速度障碍法与避障数学模型的结合满足碰撞危险检测的实时性和动态避障的高效性要求。试验结果表明：采用曲线坐标系中的动态避障算法对行人占用车道和横穿马路2种场景进行了有效的避障,在路径选择上符合实际驾驶习惯,达到了智能网联示范基地动态避障的要求。     

基于专家系统和搜索算法避碰系统的研究

介绍了一种运用了专家系统和动作空间搜索的避碰系统。运用模糊理论来推论碰撞危险度,通过A搜索算法设计避碰行为。船舶动作空间搜索算法源于运用了船舶航行规范的专家系统。通过ECDIS中的人机界面及数学仿真结果,证明了采用专家机制的避碰系统可以采取更合理的行动。     

无线传感器网络安全路由协议SNEP的分析与仿真实现

以提供可靠保密通信为目标的安全路由协议的分析是无线传感器网络安全基本研究领域之一．阐述了针对无线传感器网络的攻击手段所采取的措施,研究了安全路由协议,重点研究了其中的传感网络加密协议（Sensor Network Encryption Protocol,SNEP）,并进行了仿真实现,最后针对无线传感网络的攻击方式对SNEP的安全性进行了分析．结果证明SNEP协议具有数据机密性、数据认证、防御重放攻击等安全服务．     

基于DR-System的存贮路径问题研究

本文研究的是基于DR-System的存贮路径问题,即综合考虑配送中心订货成本、配送成本、配送中心和客户库存持有成本的最小化问题．本文提出井运用启发式算法来求解谊问题．首先把问题分解为两个子问题,即配送中心的订货问题和客户的配送问题,分别求解得到问题的初始解;然后,通过分析客户配送提前对总成本的影响,来改进初始解,从而得到谊问题的一个满意解．     

基于Intergraph Smart 3D的邮轮电缆自动敷设功能优化开发

Intergraph Smart 3D软件的电缆敷设功能在化工电力行业应用较为广泛,考虑到邮轮电气生产设计中的电缆具有长度长(3 000 km～5 000 km)、种类多、通道网络复杂和分段敷设的特点,直接应用Smart 3D原生的电缆敷设功能进行电缆敷设存在较大的风险。从邮轮电缆敷设需求出发,对Smart 3D原生电缆敷设解决方案进行优化,充分考虑电气设计人员的使用习惯,基于贪心算法和单源最短路径算法(Dijkstra算法)优化算法解决断续托架的电缆敷设和电缆分区敷设最优路径选取的问题,提高电气设计人员的电缆敷设效率。     

Improving maritime inventory routing: application to a Brazilian petroleum case

The crude oil offloading and supply problem (COSP) is a type of operation maritime inventory routing (MIR) problem encountered by petroleum companies. In COSP, the company not only is responsible for the ship scheduling to carry the crude oil from production sites to discharge ports but also must maintain inventory levels at both ports (production and consumption) between safety operational bounds to avoid disruptions in its crude oil production and/or refining processes. We show how to improve significantly the decision-making process in a Brazilian petroleum company using a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model to represent COSP. Comparison tests with a current ship-scheduling method adopted in the company indicated that the use of the MILP model increased the transportation efficiency and reduced costs by 20% on average. In addition to the quantitative gains, the use of a MILP model to solve COSP has succeeded when encountering real-life events, such as variation in production or consumption rates, berth unavailability, and changes in the storage capacities at ports.     

Order-first split-second methods for vehicle routing problems: A review

Cluster-first route-second methods like the sweep heuristic (Gillett and Miller, 1974) are well known in vehicle routing. They determine clusters of customers compatible with vehicle capacity and solve a traveling salesman problem for each cluster. The opposite approach, called route-first cluster-second, builds a giant tour covering all customers and splits it into feasible trips. Cited as a curiosity for a long time but lacking numerical evaluation, this technique has nevertheless led to successful metaheuristics for various vehicle routing problems in the last decade. As many implementations consider an ordering of customers instead of building a giant tour, we propose in this paper the more general name of ordering-first split-second methods. This article shows how this approach can be declined for different vehicle routing problems and reviews the associated literature, with more than 70 references.