An application of interactive management information systems to environmental planning: Coastal zone management

Recent emphasis in comprehensive planning for coastal zone regions has created the need for more effective tools for information processing and analysis to aid policymakers and planners in developing strategies for preservation of coastal zone areas. New agencies with broad powers have been created at both state and federal levels to deal with growth management in large coastal regions. However, coastal zone management (CZM) agencies have not yet been able to deal effectively with development processes. A “holding action”; is being maintained in the face of mounting pressure by developers, while planners struggle to develop (1) a data base with sufficient detail for planning; (2) a fair and rapid process for reviewing environmental impact statements and granting of development permits; and (3) a system for making the development permit application process more routine. The key to success of the CZM process is the development of a management information system (MIS) created explicitly for CZM. The prototypical system designed by the authors combines graphic display capabilities (i.e., map display) with interactive on‐line computing and large storage‐capacity computers. Problems of data structure development are documented, together with problems of assembling a large‐scale, highly detailed data base. Of particular importance is the need for well‐developed objectives and specifications for the use of computer‐based data in resolving disputes on environmental issues. A set of objectives and specifications for a prototypical coastal zone MIS is developed. The system is described in detail, showing how its capabilities directly address policy questions formulated by coastal zone planners.     

A study of motorcyclist's idling stop behavior at red lights

Abstract

Motorcycle activity in Asian economies is a significant contributor to carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, both when moving and when idling at traffic lights. This paper investigates Taiwanese motorcyclists’ behavior of turning off the idling engine while stopping at traffic lights based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), which recognizes that the achievement of voluntary change behavior can be identified by knowing an individual's attitudes (or behavioral intentions [BIs]) in the context of social norms (SN). A structural equation model system is used to identify candidate causal links between attitudes, SN, BI and behavior related to the idling stop behavior of motorcyclists. A partial least squares (PLS) model is built to correct the covariance matrix, given the relatively small sample size. Results suggest that attitudes, SN and perceived behavioral control, are significant determinants of idling stop BI at red lights.     

Review of GPS Travel Survey and GPS Data-Processing Methods

Abstract

Global positioning system (GPS) devices have been utilised in travel surveys since the late 1990s. Because GPS devices are very accurate at recording time and positional characteristics of travel, they can correct the trip-misreporting issue resulting from self-reports of travel and improve the accuracy of travel data. Although the initial idea of using GPS surveys in transport data collection was just to replace paper-based travel diaries, GPS surveys currently are being applied in a number of transport fields. Several general reviews have been done about GPS surveys in the literature review sections in some papers, but a detailed systematic review from GPS data collection to the whole procedure of GPS data processing has not been undertaken. This paper comprehensively reviews the development of GPS surveys and their applications, and GPS data processing. Different from most reviews in GPS research, this paper provides a detailed and systematic comparison between different methods from trip identification to mode and purpose detection, introduces the methods that researchers and planners are currently using, and discusses the pros and cons of those methods. Based on this review, researchers can choose appropriate methods and endeavour to improve them.     

Bridging the Gap in Planning Indoor Pedestrian Facilities

Abstract

Pedestrians are currently attracting the interest of various researchers and practitioners, particularly urban and transport planners. Analysis of the pedestrian behavior, environment and modeling has been carried out in diverse instances in the context of pedestrian planning. This paper seeks to identify the content of each of these three research areas and designate the linkages that connect their interests providing insights into planning indoor pedestrian facilities. To achieve this objective, a review of the literature on pedestrians walking indoors and indoor pedestrian environments was conducted. Understanding pedestrian behavior is fundamental in the pedestrian planning process. Principles of decision-making, cognition, wayfinding and flows were studied. When analyzing the pedestrian environment, Space Syntax and wayfinding analysis were found to be established methods that are an integral part of this field. Finally, the majority of the existing modeling approaches were identified. It was found that despite the dynamic evolution of each area, the integration of different research perspectives is weak. The paper concluded with the proposal of a mindmap which brings together all the concepts found in the literature and which should be explored for a more comprehensive planning of indoor pedestrian facilities.     

Statistical and activity-based modeling of university student travel behavior

Abstract

This paper conducts a statistical analysis of student travel behavior at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU). The data source is the ‘University NHTS’ project launched by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) in 2009. Through this empirical study, it has been found that university student travel behavior is different from that of the general population; urban universities have lower percentages of nonmotorized trips than college-town universities; undergraduate students are likely to make more daily trips than graduate students – similarly, on-campus students make more frequent trips than off-campus students; the most frequent student activities are home and academic activities; and student group categories have virtually no impact on daily activity profiles, though activity types do have a dramatic impact on daily activity profiles. Based on these research findings, the paper makes a series of recommendations regarding trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice, and activity-based modeling.     

新冠疫情对老年人公交出行行为的影响

新冠肺炎疫情对交通运输产生巨大影响,但现有成果主要研究疫情爆发期疫情对交通运输的影响,较少有分析后疫情阶段的出行行为.本文利用验证性因素分析模型及Logit 模型,研究后疫情阶段新冠病毒,老年人个人统计学特征,老年人对新冠肺炎疫情严重程度的感知等心理因素对老年人出行行为的影响.研究结果表明：短距离出行中,新冠疫情和对新冠肺炎疫情严重程度的感知对出行方式选择没有显著影响;新冠疫情和对新冠肺炎疫情严重程度的感知对老年人使用公交意愿具有显著影响;此外,这两个因素也影响老年人外出概率和使用公交的概率.     

基于网络核密度的网约车上下客热点识别

为分析网约车上下客热点的时空分布特性,利用网约车订单数据,构建基于网络核密度估计的上下客热点识别模型,采用回归模型对热点进行聚类和分级。通过研究区域划定、数据清洗和筛选,引入以路网距离为度量的网络核密度估计方法,基于非均质网络方向延展和网络距离衰减效应,对工作日和非工作日的特征时段内网约车上下客点的核密度值进行估计。采用零膨胀负二项回归模型对核密度值进行聚类,识别出研究区域的热点路段分布及其等级。通过与平面核密度估计结果对比分析,本文提出的网络核密度估计方法体现了上下客热点在路段和交叉口的分布特点,表征了实际的交通需求与路网结构的关系。研究结论为优化城市网约车的运营管理、提高城市居民出行效率提供理论依据。     

停车许可证的动态最优供给策略

考虑可预约和不可预约公共停车设施共存情况,制定停车许可证动态最优供给策略.构建随机最优控制模型以实现系统总时间损失期望值最小化,利用动态规划原理推导出最优性条件,即哈密尔顿-雅克比-贝尔曼方程,采用一种预设最优值函数方法得到动态最优供给策略的解析解.结果表明：动态最优供给策略为一个反馈控制,即车辆排队时间的函数;依据排队时间是否存在,动态最优供给策略分为两种情况.以北京市国贸地区为例进行蒙特卡洛实验可知：相较停车许可证完全供给策略,动态最优供给策略可节约时间0.45~1.94 min/veh;随着停车许可证用户行为不确定性增加,动态最优供给策略节约时间的平均值上升,变异系数下降.     

网约共享出行研究综述

网约共享出行是智慧城市交通系统的重要组成部分,作为新兴的移动互联出行方式,产生 了海量庞杂、异质多源、大尺度时空关联的交通大数据,蕴含能够描述复杂交通系统供需态势的 丰富信息。从网约共享出行行为机理、平台管理优化、政府监管政策、系统仿真优化等4个方面, 综述了国内外网约共享出行研究的基础理论前沿和交通运输管理实践成果,归纳总结了其中存 在的问题。通过移动互联交通大数据,分析网约车乘客和司机的出行行为影响因素、特征辨识及 外部性,追踪城市个体和群体的出行行为演变规律,揭示网约共享出行系统供需平衡和网络均衡 机理。研究解决网约共享出行供需的时空效应及短时预测问题,优化网约共享出行平台定价策 略,提高平台匹配和调度效率,实现供需时空资源的优化配置。利用智能体仿真、基于活动的仿 真、数据驱动的仿真等技术手段对理论结果进行模拟推演和优化验证,为政府制定相关监管政策 和平台优化运营管理策略提供理论依据和工具支持。并面向复杂动态移动互联环境,展望了亟 须开展的若干重点研究方向。     

城市道路过街行人风险感知及决策损失研究

为了给城市道路过街行人安全通行提供决策依据,通过进行过街行人决策风险 试验,对过街行人的感知风险及决策行为进行了分析.给出了过街行人感知风险随机动车 速度变化的规律及过街行人决策行为的损失函数,基于概率论构建了过街行人碰撞风险 概率模型,并标定了在不同车速等级下过街行人的行车延误和碰撞风险损失.研究结果表 明,当行车速度较低时,过街行人采取穿越策略最优;当行车速度处于中等时,过街行人 采取等待或穿越策略损失相差不大,但以穿越较优;当行车速度较高时,由于风险过高, 行人不宜选择穿越,即使过街延误时间增长,对于自身的最优策略应该是等待.