《国际船舶压载水和沉积物控制与管理公约》履约对策研究

《国际船舶压载水和沉积物控制与管理公约》的即将生效实施将有效地控制和防止船舶压载水传播有害水生物和病原体。文中论述了公约的主要内容和特点,并就公约对我国产生的主要影响进行分析,最后提出相应的履约对策及建议。     

Women’s mode and trip structure choices in daily activity-travel: a developing country perspective

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we analyze the travel patterns of Iranian women, where typical patriarchal views and specific social and cultural norms may differ from the patterns of those in western societies. In addition to inherent psycho-physical gender differences, women in Iran can face special constraints forcing them not to be involved in all activity-travel patterns that people in developed countries usually undertake. We pay special attention to the role of marital and employment status on women’s activity-travel patterns. To this end, we develop a joint mode and daily activity pattern (DAP) discrete choice model, which is a two-level mixed nested Logit. The upper nest of the proposed model embodies women’s DAP choices, and the lower nest belongs to the mode choices. In this paper, we try to show how different factors in a patriarchal Muslim society like Iran affect or restrict women’s type and structure of activity-travel patterns.     

我国船舶压载水排放防控发展现状

研究我国在船舶压载水立法、处理技术、生物检测和岸基接收方面的现状，结果表明：压载水立法较晚，且多借鉴国外法规或国际公约；压载水处理技术处于领先水平，技术方案涵盖电解和紫外线等主流方向；压载水生物检测取样机构众多，且多数具有D-2标准检测资质；具备压载水岸基接收能力，但目前缺少港口安装和接收实例。我国压载水处理技术和检测技术较为领先，但在立法保护和岸基接收方面仍需要进一步完善。     

Physical–biological coupling in spore dispersal of kelp forest macroalgae

The physical–biological linkages controlling the dispersal of spores produced by macroalgae that reside in kelp forests are complicated and laced with feedbacks. Here we discuss the fundamental elements of these interactions. Biological considerations include spore swimming and sinking speeds, their periods of viability in the plankton, and the height of spore release above the seafloor, which together determine the durations over which spores can be swept by horizontal currents before they contact the seafloor. Morphologies and material properties of canopy forming kelps may also influence the drag exerted on passing waters by the kelps, the plants' ability to persist in the face of rapid flows, and thereby the degree to which impinging currents are redirected around, or slowed within, kelp forests. Macroalgal life histories, and the size of spore sources as controlled by the dimensions of kelp forests and the density and fecundity of individuals within them, influence effective dispersal distances as well. Physical considerations encompass the mean speed, direction, and timescales of variability of currents relative to spore suspension times, the interaction of surface gravity waves with currents in producing turbulence in the benthic boundary layer, wind-driven surface mixing, water stratification, and shoreline bathymetry and substratum roughness, all of which can affect the interplay of vertical and horizontal transport of macroalgal spores. Intricate within-forest processes may induce attenuation of current speeds and consequent reductions in seabed shear, along with simultaneous production of small-scale turbulence in kelp wakes. Slower mean currents and smaller eddy scales in turn may attenuate vertical mixing within forests, thus extending spore suspension times. Further complexities likely arise due to changes in the relative rates of horizontal and vertical dispersion, modifications to the overall profiles of vertical mixing, and the creation of fine-scale secondary flows around kelp individuals and substratum features. Under conditions of more rapid currents, submergence of the surface canopy and the establishment of skimming flows at the canopy–fluid interface may introduce additional coherent flow structures that alter rates of fluid exchange to and from the forest. Many of these coupled physical–biological processes are just beginning to be examined in a rigorous fashion in kelp forests, but their potential importance is clear.     

生物法处理生活污水脱氮除磷效果分析

通过对铁道部无锡干部培训基地（以下简称培训基地）的生活污水的生物法处理效果观察，探析兼氧／好氧生物处理系统的脱氮除磷原理并对影响处理效果因素进行分析。     

锰对体内必需元素生物转运的影响

动物实验发现，锰可促进或妨碍某些必需元素如Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｃｏ和Ｃａ等的吸收、分布与排泄。职业人群调查也观察到锰对血液、头发和精液必需元素的影响。临床研究表明，锰对Ｍｇ、Ｃａ、Ｚｎ和Ｆｅ的影响与中毒的临床表现有关。揭示锰对体内必需元素的生物转运过程有干扰作用。     

氨氮废水处理技术发展现状

结合不同浓度氨氮废水的水质特点,评述了近二三十年来国内外主要的除氮技术,包括折点氯化法、吹脱法、离子交换法、化学沉淀法等物理化学法,以及传统生物处理技术和新型生物处理技术,如厌氧氨氧化、短程硝化反硝化、同时硝化反硝化等,并指出以上处理技术的适用条件及其优缺点和氨氮废水处理技术今后的发展趋势。     

大鼠海马神经元自发放电对皮下注射福尔马林的反应

采用玻璃微电极细胞外记录法，观察了清醒完整大鼠海马神经元自发放电对皮下注射福尔马林的反应。结呆显示，在海马CA2／CA3区可记录到痛兴奋、痛抑制和非痛敏三种神经元。同侧前爪皮下注射福尔马林后，痛兴奋神经元的自发放电显著增多，而痛抑制神经元的自发放电显著减少，这种变化在给予福尔马林后30min左右达到最大值，在60min左右恢复到对照水平；但在给予福尔马林后，非痛敏神经元的自发放电无明显变化。以上实验结果提供了在福尔马林痛模型中，海马在痛感受或痛反应过程中发挥一定作用的电生理证据。     

Quantitative estimation of the influence of surface thermal fronts over chlorophyll concentration at the Patagonian shelf

Eighteen-year (1985–2002) mean monthly SST Pathfinder data with 9 km spatial resolution have been used to estimate surface gradients by finite differences. Then the seasonal climatological means have been calculated from the intensity of these gradients, and surface thermal fronts present in the Patagonian Continental Shelf (PCS) have been located. Moreover, 6 years (1998–2003) of SeaWiFS data with approximately 4 km spatial resolution have been used to estimate monthly composite images of surface chlorophyll concentration, after which seasonal climatological means distributions have been generated. Both seasonal distributions have been analyzed together and by combining the knowledge of oceanographic processes and phytoplankton responses to light and nutrient availability, regions where the presence of a thermal front affects photosynthetic activity have been identified. Subjective criteria have been applied to define eighteen areas where phytoplankton biomass is influenced by the presence of a thermal front. In these areas, the surface chlorophyll (spatial mean and total), its relationship with the surface chlorophyll of the whole region, and the seasonal evolution of this relationship have been calculated. All frontal areas cover less than 15% of the total surface, but they contribute with over 23% of the phytoplankton annual mean biomass. Considered as a group, during summer they show high chlorophyll values very similar to those in spring. During the cold period, when the water column is vertically mixed in practically the whole of PCS, the influence of physical fronts over the biological production is minimum. The frontal zone image remains clearly defined during summer, when approximately 85% of the area will have a determined mean chlorophyll concentration, while the other 15% has a 2.45 times larger value. While three pattern trends have been identified in the frontal areas, only two of them condition the pattern of the group, due to their horizontal extension.     

曝气生物滤池技术在工业废水回用处理中的应用

曝气生物滤池具有体积小、处理效率高等特点。研究结果表明,曝气生物滤池使用新型粒状填料处理工业废水,进水量240 m~3/d,水力停留时间3 h,COD,SS和BOD去除效果好,出水稳定达到国家《城市杂用水水质标准》,满足用户要求。