An investigation of the effects of pneumatic actuator design on slip control for heavy vehicles

Progress in reducing actuator delays in pneumatic brake systems is opening the door for advanced anti-lock braking algorithms to be used on heavy goods vehicles. However, little has been published on slip controllers for air-braked heavy vehicles, or the effects of slow pneumatic actuation on their design and performance. This paper introduces a sliding mode slip controller for air-braked heavy vehicles. The effects of pneumatic actuator delays and flow rates on stopping performance and air (energy) consumption are presented through vehicle simulations. Finally, the simulations are validated with experiments using a hardware-in-the-loop rig. It is shown that for each wheel, pneumatic valves with delays smaller than 3 ms and orifice diameters around 8 mm provide the best performance.     

Effective assessment of tyre–road friction coefficient using a hybrid estimator

Vehicle stability and active safety control depend heavily on tyre forces available on each wheel of a vehicle. Since tyre forces are strongly affected by the tyre–road friction coefficient, it is crucial to optimise the use of the adhesion limits of the tyres. This study presents a hybrid method to identify the road friction limitation; it contributes significantly to active vehicle safety. A hybrid estimator is developed based on the three degrees-of-freedom vehicle model, which considers longitudinal, lateral and yaw motions. The proposed hybrid estimator includes two sub-estimators: one is the vehicle state information estimator using the unscented Kalman filter and another is the integrated road friction estimator. By connecting two sub-estimators simultaneously, the proposed algorithm can effectively estimate the road friction coefficient. The performance of the proposed estimation algorithm is validated in CarSim/Matlab co-simulation environment under three different road conditions (high-μ, low-μ and mixed-μ). Simulation results show that the proposed estimator can assess vehicle states and road friction coefficient with good accuracy.     

The mechanisms involved during the wet braking of new and worn tires

ABSTRACT

Tires are used by the customers during several tens of thousands of kilometres, and before their replacement, the driver will encounter a continuous variation of tread depth due to the tire wearing. Although the wet braking labelling demonstrates the performance of the tire in the new stage, it is known that the wet traction evolves with tire wear. In this paper, an in-depth comparison of the wet grip performance of new and worn tires will be conducted, based on the regulatory wet braking test. For this purpose, we propose an original approach to analyse braking test results, which allows breaking down and quantifying the relative importance of the mechanisms involved during this test. This study demonstrates that two main mechanisms are taking place during the entire test: rubber friction and hydroplaning mechanisms. The µ value obtained at low speeds reflects the friction potential of the tested tires while the decline of performance at higher speeds is attributed to hydroplaning mechanisms. This analysis is conducted on numerous tires and demonstrates that current regulatory test applied on new tires is focussing mainly on the rubber friction mechanism. The same test applied on worn tires exhibits both rubber friction and hydroplaning mechanisms. The mechanisms decomposition shows that the source of the performance decline from new to worn status varies greatly, some tires having most of their performance loss due to hydroplaning, some others due to rubber friction drop.     

制动误踩油门电子制动控制系统

介绍一种制动误踩油门电子制动控制系统的构成、工作原理,并在实车上模拟运行验证其可行性。     

对开路面弯道制动ABS控制策略研究

在对开路面弯道制动工况下分析了轮胎受力情况,提出一种基于转角预测前馈、路径偏移量反馈的车辆最佳滑移率动态调节方法,在SIMPACK中建立汽车多体模型,在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建控制系统,并进行了虚拟在环试验。试验结果显示,与传统ABS相比,所提出的控制方法可以显著改善车辆的侧偏位移、横摆角速度以及制动时方向的稳定性,保证了制动效能,使车辆侧向稳定性得到显著提高。     

汽车爆胎特性建模与主动制动控制策略

为了提高汽车在突发爆胎事故时的稳定性,对爆胎汽车主动制动控制策略进行了研究。根据车轮爆胎时间与压力变化的关系,在UniTire模型基础上建立了爆胎模型;根据电子稳定性控制系统中横摆角速度及质心侧偏角对汽车稳定性影响的关系,基于二自由度汽车动力学模型,通过计算汽车横摆角速度及质心侧偏角实际值与理想值的偏差,并基于线性二次型调节器最优控制方法决策出最优附加横摆力矩,从而修正爆胎后汽车的运动状态。最后通过计算机仿真对所提策略的有效性进行了验证。结果表明：主动制动控制策略可以保证爆胎过程中汽车的行驶稳定性和安全性。     

城市现代有轨电车制动控制系统的研制

分析了现代有轨电车制动系统的主要特点,介绍了四方车辆研究所研制的有轨电车制动系统的组成、主要功能、作用原理及试验验证情况。     

基于停船视距的船舶领域模型研究

目前已有船舶领域模型具体取值依赖大量实测资料,缺乏理论定量研究。针对长江下游航道条件和船舶特性,基于道路交通工程中停车视距的概念,提出了航道中停船视距的概念。分析船舶制动加速度特性,探讨船舶领域模型长轴取值。研究结果表明:航道中停船视距由反应距离、制动距离以及安全距离3部分组成;当前船的制动加速度为后船的4倍时,船舶领域长轴取值为2.6~3.9倍船长,与已有进江海船的推荐值3.0~4.0倍船长基本吻合;船舶领域长轴取值具有一定的速度敏感性。     

自动紧急制动系统控制策略仿真验证

为了在危险情况时辅助驾驶员实现纵向避撞或减小碰撞造成的伤害,文章提出了一种考虑实际制动过程与驾驶员制动行为的分级制动控制策略。通过试验得到相关参数,根据新车评价标准的AEB测试工况与评价指标,搭建测试场景并评价新车AEB功能。仿真结果表明,AEB控制策略在所有工况下都能达到新车评价规程中AEB功能的标准。提出的分级制动控制策略具有一定的参考价值。仿真模型可以方便地更改参数以适用于不同车辆,可作为新车评价AEB功能的仿真工具,减小试验成本,具有实用价值。     

5kNm立式参考式扭矩标准装置研究

本文介绍了5kNm立式参考式扭矩标准装置的结构形式和组成，并详细描述了有关参考式装置的结构设计及有限元分析、扭矩加载系统以及装置的超限保护机构的研究过程和研究成果。通过不确定度评定，装置的扩展不确定度Urel=0.05%（包含因子k=2）。参考式扭矩标准装置以其高性价比和快速校准的特点，满足了广大计量机构扭矩传感器校准的需求。