Assessing the cost of transfer inconvenience in public transport systems: A case study of the London Underground

Few studies have adequately assessed the cost of transfers² in public transport systems, or provided useful guidance on transfer improvements, such as where to invest (which facility), how to invest (which aspect), and how much to invest (quantitative justification of the investment). This paper proposes a new method based on path choice,³ taking into account both the operator’s service supply and the customers’ subjective perceptions to assess transfer cost and to identify ways to reduce it. This method evaluates different transfer components (e.g., transfer walking, waiting, and penalty) with distinct policy solutions and differentiates between transfer stations and movements.The method is applied to one of the largest and most complex public transport systems in the world, the London Underground (LUL), with a focus on 17 major transfer stations and 303 transfer movements. This study confirms that transfers pose a significant cost to LUL, and that cost is distributed unevenly across stations and across platforms at a station. Transfer stations are perceived very differently by passengers in terms of their overall cost and composition. The case study suggests that a better understanding of transfer behavior and improvements to the transfer experience could significantly benefit public transport systems.     

新型建筑材料在桥梁建设中的应用

介绍了纤维增强聚合物(FRP)、智能混凝土、形状记忆合金、超高强预应力钢绞线等新型建筑材料的发展过程及性能,阐述了新型材料的优点、性质,以及其在桥梁中的实际应用,从而提高桥梁结构工程的整体水平。     

基于随机预测的青岛海湾大桥桥墩防腐维修措施成本优化

以氯离子渗透理论和全寿命周期成本理论为基础,采用蒙特卡洛数值模拟方法,对海工混凝土桥墩的维护维修措施进行了对比分析,以期在保证安全性、适用性的前提下达到降低维修维护成本的目的.首先对青岛海湾大桥桥墩使用寿命进行随机预测;其次,对单项维护维修措施进行随机模拟;第三,对各种措施综合使用方案进行随机模拟;最后,计算各种综合方...     

A topological route choice model for metro

This article presents a route choice model for public transit networks that incorporates variables related to network topology, complementing those found in traditional models based on service levels (travel time, cost, transfers, etc.) and users’ socioeconomic and demographic characteristics (income level, trip purpose, etc.). The topological variables represent concepts such as the directness of the chosen route and user knowledge of the network. For both of these factors, the necessary data is endogenous to the modelling process and can be quantified without the need for information-gathering beyond what is normally required for building route choice models. Other novel variables in the proposed formulation capture notions of user comfort such as vehicle occupancy rates and certain physical characteristics of network stations. We conclude that these new variables significantly improve the explanatory and predictive ability of existing route choice specifications.     

A time‐staged multi‐objective network‐design model

A multi‐objective, time‐staged network‐design problem is formulated. Through transformation, the problem is decomposed into a set of single‐period, single‐objective problems. Lexicographic ordering is instrumental in effecting this transformation; it also allows a backward‐recursion algorithm to be applied using strong pruning criteria. Furthermore, monotonicity properties enable us to solve the problem using the familiar tree‐search algorithms. The solution method has several desirable properties — as shown by an example and a case study of Tripoli Province, Libya. First, the algorithm ensures continuity of project implementation over the multi time‐periods and provides optimality in later computational stages irrespective of the decision at an interim stage. Second, the algorithm tends to provide accessibility to unconnected regions in the study area at low user‐cost without employing weights to the two objective functions of accessibility and user‐cost efficiency. Such a property is deemed advantageous for suggesting transportation investments based purely on purchasing the greatest benefit for each dollar, with political neutrality strictly maintained.     

Valuation of environmental externalities: from theory to decision‐making

Valuation of externalities is a condition for correct investment and pricing decisions in transport. This paper provides a brief survey of the main studies achieved in OECD countries in order to get these valuations. Numerical values for the average social cost of transport are presented. The procedures according to which environment is taken into account in France and Italy are analyzed, and the importance of valuation in these procedures is assessed. Finally, prospects for further research and new developments are expressed.     

寿命周期成本分析方法在桥梁工程中的应用

桥梁耐久性低、服务寿命短的问题已经严重影响了结构正常服务功能的发挥 ,并给社会造成了巨大的经济负担。文中介绍了寿命周期成本分析的概念及其应用于桥梁工程的发展历程 ,阐述了它的基本原理 ,探讨了桥梁寿命周期成本的构成 ,并给出了进行分析时的计算公式。利用国外的两个例子说明了桥梁全寿命成本分析对于桥梁设计和维护管理的重要性     

紧邻建筑物大断面浅埋暗挖地铁隧道施工控制技术

北京地铁十号线一期终点折返线由于地处东三环,周边环境比较复杂,针对浅埋暗挖法施工过程中大断面折返线不同断面的开挖顺序以及楼房的防护措施进行模拟分析,优化确定合理的楼房保护措施和开挖方案,为工程顺利建设提供技术支持,并对以后类似环境条件下工程积累经验。     

浅谈城市景观中园林建筑设计

论叙风景园林建筑设计的特点、作用、分类以及设计的方法和技巧。     

隧道爆破减震技术措施研究

文章以重庆市轨道交通三号线一期工程华新街-观音桥区间隧道爆破开挖工程为例,从爆破振动效应的产生及其影响因素的理论分析入手,结合工程实践中爆破振动效应实际测试结果,对隧道爆破减震问题进行系统的综合研究,得出一系列相应的隧道爆破施工减震技术措施。