建筑工程成本管理中容易存在的问题

通过概述“成本管理缺乏市场观念”等八个问题,从而引出了克服成本管理问题的详尽对策。遵循提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方式,从观念、体制、管理手段等不同角度入手,对成本管理中容易出现的问题进行层层剖析、逐一解析。认为企业的生存与发展离不开成本的控制管理,其意义在于使成本管理更科学化、系统化,使企业的工程建设项目成本管理更加行之有效,以满足企业参与市场竞争的需要。     

A reliability-based assignment method for railway networks with heterogeneous passengers

Travel reliability can play an important role in shaping travelers’ route choice behavior. This paper develops a railway passenger assignment method to capture the reliability-based route choices, where the trains can have stochastic delays. The overall travel reliability has two components: the travel time reliability (of trains) and the associated transfer reliability (of connections). In this context, mean-and-variance-based effective travel cost is adopted to model passengers’ evaluation of different travel options in the railway network. Moreover, passengers are heterogeneous as they may evaluate the effective travel cost differently, and they may have different requirements for the successful transfer probability (if transfers are involved in the trip). The determination of travel time reliability (of trains) is based on the travel delay distribution, and the successful transfer probability is calculated based on the delay probabilities of two trains in the transfer process. An algorithm has been designed for solving the model, and numerical examples are presented to test and illustrate the model.     

公路施工企业降低生产成本提高经济效益的对策

文章分析公路施工企业生产成本高利润率低的现状及成因,针对当前的市场环境,提出公路施工企业降低生产成本,提高经济效益的六大对策,论证提高企业管理能力和核心竞争力是改变现状的根本办法。     

Rebound effects in UK road freight transport

This paper analyses aggregate time-series data to estimate the direct rebound effect in UK road freight over the period 1970–2014. We investigate 25 different model specifications, conduct a comprehensive set of diagnostic tests to evaluate the robustness of these specifications and estimate the rebound effect using three different elasticities. Using the mean of the statistically significant estimates from these specifications, we estimate a direct rebound effect of 61% - which is larger than previous estimates in the literature and almost twice as large as the consensus estimate of direct rebound effects in road passenger transport. Using the mean of the estimates from our most robust models, we estimate a slightly lower direct rebound effect of 49%. Our estimates are fairly consistent between different model specifications and different metrics, although individual estimates range from 21% to 137%. We also find that an increasing proportion of UK road freight is being undertaken by foreign registered vehicles, and that increases in the vehicle weight limits have encouraged more freight activity. We highlight the significant limitations imposed by the use of aggregate time series data and recommend that further studies in this area employ data from vehicle use surveys.     

船舶企业成本控制模式研究

文章分析了船舶企业成本控制的现状,提出了双重成本控制标准管理模式和推行双重成本控制标准的策略。     

道路工程SOM-RBF神经网络估价模型研究

研究从道路工程全生命周期造价的角度,运用自适应(SOM)和径向基(RBF)神经网络的模型与全生命显著性造价(WLCS)结合的预测模型对已完工程造价信息进行数据挖掘,估算工程造价。建立WLCS模型并分析计算。运用自组织SOM网络对WLCS模型分析结果进行特征抽取,验证其对类似工程的确定。在此基础上,运用基于自组织RBF网络对投资估算进行预测。结果表明,WLCS应用可以减少造价估算的工作量,SOM网络可以对道路工程的显著性成本项目(CSIs)造价数据进行特征提取,WLCS的SOM-RBF网络模型减少了估价计算量,并提高了估价精度。本研究成果适用于道路工程造价管理研究和应用领域。     

雷堡坳大桥高墩稳定性分析

根据有限元计算方法,对雷堡坳大桥最大悬臂施工阶段的各种工况进行稳定特征值分析。结果表明,结构自重、施工临时荷载、挂篮等竖向荷载对结构稳定性起主导作用,尤其挂篮突然脱落、上部结构悬浇箱梁一端滞后施工一个梁段对桥梁结构的稳定性影响较大,增设横系梁可以提高桥墩的稳定性。     

基于离心模型试验的悬臂式排桩力学特性

为研究悬臂式支护结构在基坑开挖过程中的力学特征,结合某大型二线船闸深基坑工程,通过采用离心模型试验分析排桩在基坑开挖过程中的位移和土压力的变化规律,并借助数值模拟的方法进行验证及分析开挖过程中桩身的弯矩及剪力的分布及变化情况。结果表明:桩基挡土侧土压力在固结时期接近静止土压力状态,二级基坑开挖时接近主动土压力理论值,并且在基坑开挖过程中,土压力逐渐减小;受基坑开挖的影响,基坑侧土体因支护桩挤压而发生破坏,土压力重新分布,且相同深度处被动区土压力大于主动区土压力;桩身弯矩因土压力差的影响而呈"C"形分布,剪力呈"S"形分布,最大弯矩及剪力突变位置都随基坑开挖而向桩身下移。     

基于BIM应用的水运工程建设项目造价管理*

传统水运工程设计中二维图纸无法直观统计工程量和指导施工,而采用BIM技术可以实现设计的协同共享、碰撞检查及工程量统计,其建模过程与BIM模型的信息集成适用于造价管理中的各个阶段。依托湘江二级航道二期工程中大源渡航电枢纽二线船闸开展三维实景及水工建筑物的BIM建模,应用BIM技术复核工程量,使造价师从繁琐的计算工作中解脱出来,对水运工程建设项目造价综合管理具有较大的社会价值。     

引进关键技术,降低机车寿命周期成本

关键技术的引进是我国铁路实现跨越式发展的必由之路 ,加快关键技术的引进并尽快实现国产化和产业化 ,有利于实现先进技术的消化、吸收和创新。通过对新型内燃机车寿命周期费用的简要分析 ,阐述了引进关键技术有利于降低机车寿命周期成本。