戈壁地区高速铁路路基边坡防护措施研究

兰新铁路第二双线穿越新疆戈壁地区著名的四大风区,为防止路基边坡遭受戈壁风沙流吹蚀以及雨水冲蚀破坏,在线路所经戈壁地区设立三处路基边坡试验工点,选用了七种边坡防护措施,分别从防护效果、技术经济等角度对试验段各种边坡防护措施进行研究。研究结果表明:全线路堤边坡防护中,若边坡高度H3 m时,边坡坡面宜采用混凝土空心砖防护;边坡高度H≥3 m时,边坡坡面宜采用拱形骨架护坡,骨架内铺设混凝土空心砖进行防护。     

自升式平台桩靴结构优化设计

结合有限单元法和尺寸优化理论,对某自升式海洋平台的桩靴结构进行了设计与优化。根据桩靴设计要求确定各部件尺寸和相应材料参数,以此建立桩靴的有限元模型。针对CCS对桩靴提出的工况依次进行分析计算,获得各工况下应力与位移的分布特征和土壤作用力在结构中的传递路径。然后进行板厚尺寸的优化。计算结果表明,桩靴在偏心工况且偏心角度为60°时应力达到最大,且土壤流失可能性最高;尺寸优化后,桩靴的质量明显减少,应力分布更加均匀,材料利用率得到有效提高。     

Managing Shoreline Change Under Increasing Sea-Level Rise in Ghana

Relative sea-level rise will affect vulnerable coastal communities globally. Quantifying this effect on the coastal environment and infrastructure provides critical information that enables coastal managers to develop sustainable mitigation and adaptation measures. Modeling applications have enabled the past, present, and future trends in shoreline morphology to be investigated in detail. Predictive numerical models depend largely on the reliability of the input data. This article reports on using the Soft Cliff and Platform Erosion (SCAPE) numerical model to simulate future shoreline evolution trend in the central Accra coast in Ghana. The model input parameters include historic shoreline recession rates, wave data, tidal data, bathymetry, beach volume, beach topography, historic relative sea-level rise rates, and the shoreline orientation. The data fed the SCAPE numerical model which simulated the emergence of soft rock shore profiles over timescale of decades to centuries, to project future positions of the central Accra shoreline for the next 100 years under different scenarios of climate change. Simulated future shoreline positions overlaid on a 2005 orthophoto map of Accra enabled vulnerable areas and infrastructure at risk to be identified. It emerged that a highly populated community in central Accra will be inundated by 2065, while the Rivera beach resort will be eroded from 2035. A natural fish landing site in Osu (suburb in Accra) will be lost from 2045. The study has demonstrated that considerable ecological, economic, social, and national losses should be expected within the next century. Shoreline change management options should be explored to help mitigate the expected impact of the sea-level rise.     

Northern Abalone: Using an Invertebrate to Focus Marine Conservation Ideas and Values

Marine invertebrate species have usually been overlooked in favor of high-profile vertebrate species for facilitating dialogue towards area conservation. The northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) is proposed as a focal ("flagship") species whose protection and recovery could concentrate public concern for abalone and its associated kelp forest ecosystems in Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands), British Columbia. I explain how issues of culture, commerce, and conservation unite to create a strong role for northern abalone in preparations for creating a large marine conservation area within Haida Gwaii. Culture is relevant, as local indigenous people (the Haida) are currently denied access to constitutionally established subsistence fishing rights for northern abalone. Commerce is involved as ongoing kelp forest-associated fisheries co-occur with northern abalone. Finally, this is a challenging precedent in Canadian marine conservation, as restoring two "listed" species- at risk (northern abalone and their predator, the sea otter (Enhydra lutris)) is potentially mutually exclusive. As part of the forthcoming public consultations towards establishing a marine conservation area, the opportunity provided by northern abalone to focus ideas and values should be seized.     

Some economic aspects of conflicts over land use in the coastal zone

Abstract

Recent land use legislation pays particular attention to the coastal zone where age‐old conflicts have recently accelerated. Flexibility is required in policy because visible conflicts are tied into complex physical and social systems which may require changing patterns of land use over time. Public policy is altering property rights and a thorough understanding of the economic and social roles played by those rights is required. Economic models can be used to understand some major changes such as types of alteration of the environment, but may be ignored or misused unless a better understanding of coastal decision processes is developed.     

回流法在原油回注中的应用

泄压罐原油回注是密闭输油的重要一环。乌鄯原油支干线乌鲁木齐输油首站投产以来不能成功回注。通过对回注过程中黏度、流量等进行分析,提出4种解决方案,经过可行性论证得出最佳方案,给出了回流法的应用原则和实践过程,为输油生产中遇到的类似问题提供参考。     

高性能清水混凝土耐腐蚀性能及水化微观试验研究

高性能清水混凝土通过使用一些掺合料和外加剂来增强其抗物理侵蚀和耐化学腐蚀性能。通过分析高性能混凝土抗渗透、抗污染、抗干湿交替破坏、耐碳化、耐风化及耐氯离子和硫酸盐侵蚀性能,评价了高性能混凝土的优势,然后采用微观SEM试验对掺合料与外加剂对水化性能的影响进行试验分析。结果表明：将粉煤灰或者矿渣粉取代水泥可以提高水化程度,增大C—S—H凝胶含量,起到微孔隙填充和＂微纤维配筋＂效果,从而增大了混凝土的密实度和强度性能。     

合义渠西支渠中桥桩柱结合处混凝土破损病害成因及处理方法

高速公路跨河桥梁由于长期受到河水的冲刷而出现桩、柱混凝土破损现象。鉴于此,就这一病害的成因以及维修方法进行详细的介绍,以期为同类桥梁的病害治理提供参考与借鉴。     

淮河出海航道滩头整治工程平面方案分析

航道整治需抓住工程实施的有利时机,在通航条件还未恶化前提前预防。以淮河出海航道(红山头—京杭运河段)大淤滩整治工程为例,利用平面二维水流数学模型对滩头不同侵蚀方案产生效果进行计算,分析若不对滩头进行守护将可能导致的后果,说明滩头守护的必要性,并结合河床演变分析提出滩头整治工程平面布置方案。     

吸喷结合式水翼水动力及空泡性能的数值分析

以NACA0012为研究对象,采用2种湍流模型对翼型绕流进行模拟,通过与实验值对比,确定了合理的湍流模型.分别计算分析了船用水翼添加前缘抽吸作用、后缘喷水作用、吸喷结合作用后,升力系数、阻力系数和升阻比的变化情况,结果表明,船用水翼在微吸水、喷水或吸喷结合作用下均提升了翼型的升阻比,起到了增效的作用.开展了翼型在无吸喷、单吸口、单喷口及吸喷结合形式下的定常与非定常空泡流动的数值模拟,计算结果表明,前缘吸水可以抑制空泡的发展,尾部喷水却会使翼型空泡分布扩大化,吸喷结合形式较为适中;针对翼型的3种改进均使空泡周期增长,可抑制单位时间内空泡云的脱落,减少对水翼表面的剥蚀.