Social networks and joint/solo activity–travel behavior

The social dimension of activity–travel behavior has recently received much research attention. This paper aims to make a contribution to this growing literature by investigating individuals’ engagements in joint activities and activity companion choices. Using activity–travel diary data collected in Hong Kong in 2010, this study examines the impact of social network attributes on the decisions between solo and joint activities, and for joint activities, the choices of companions. Chi-square difference tests are used to assess the importance of social network variables in explaining joint activity behavior. We find that the inclusion of social network attributes significantly improves the goodness-of-fit of the model with only socioeconomic variables. Specifically, individuals receiving emotional support and social companionship from family members/relatives are found to more likely undertake joint activities with their family members/relatives; the size of personal social networks is found to be a significant determinant of companion choices for joint activities; and activity companions are found to be significant determinants of travel companions. The findings of this study improve the understanding about activity–travel, especially joint activity–travel decisions.     

本土音乐与城镇老龄群体音乐活动之关系探微——以甘肃省为例

音乐与其所处文化背景构成的共生关系，是一种普遍而又复杂的社会文化现象，而本土音乐与城市特定人群音乐活动之间的关系更以其特殊的文化形态，成为音乐社会学切入社会微观领域观测音乐与社会互动的重要角度。本文以甘肃省为例，探悉本土音乐与城镇老龄群体音乐活动之间的关系，并以此为镜像，观测当前本土音乐的存在现状及其文化变迁，进而为城市音乐文化研究提供一份重要资料。     

Exploring spatial variety in patterns of activity-travel behaviour: initial results from the Toronto Travel-Activity Panel Survey (TTAPS)

Studies of urban travel behaviour typically focus on weekday activities and commuting. This is surprising given the rising contribution of discretionary activities to daily travel that has occurred during the last few decades. Moreover, current understanding of the relationship between travel behaviour and land use remains incomplete, with little research carried out to explore spatial properties of activity-travel behaviour during the off-peak and weekend time periods. Weekend behaviours, for example, influenced by the availability of time and the spatiotemporal distribution of “weekend” destinations, likely produce spatially and temporally distinct activity-travel patterns. Using data from the first wave of the Toronto Travel-Activity Panel Survey (TTAPS), this paper examines an area of research that has received little attention; namely, the presence of spatial variety in activity-travel behaviour. The paper begins by looking at the extent to which individuals engage in spatially repetitive location choices during the course of a single week. Area-based measures of geographical extent and activity dispersion are then used to expose differences in weekday-to-weekend and day-to-day activity-travel patterns. Examination of unclassified activities carried out over a 1 week period reveals a level of spatial repetition that does not materialise across activities classified by type, travel mode, and planning strategy. Despite the inherent spatial flexibility offered by the personal automobile, spatial repetition is also found to be surprisingly similar across travel modes. The results also indicate weekday-to-weekend, and day-to-day fluctuations in spatial properties of individual activity-travel behaviour. These findings challenge the utility of the short-run survey as an instrument for capturing archetypal patterns of spatial behaviour. In addition, the presence of a weekday-to-weekend differential in spatial behaviour suggests that policies targeting weekday travel reduction could have little impact on travel associated with weekend activities.

浅论法律对广告活动的监管

广告是企业和消费者之间重要的联系纽带。运用法律对广告活动进行监督管理十分必要。本文从国家行政权力机关、行业自律、消费者监督管理等方面论述了法律对广告活动的监督管理，并概述了广告活动中的法律责任。     

多雷区牵引变电所防雷设计探讨

结合电气化铁路多年的工程设计经验,依据湘桂线地处南方多雷区的工程特点,提出了牵引变电所一次、二次设备的直击雷、感应雷防护措施及牵引变电所防雷接地方案,可供电气化铁路牵引变电所的防雷设计同仁参考。     

实施交际教学法巧设课堂小组活动

根据现代交际法教学理论,外语教学的目的是培养学生在实际生活中运用外语进行交际的能力。合理组织小组活动,是现代交际法教学理论在课堂教学中的具体实践。本文通过对小组活动的组织准备和组织形式进行分析,强调合理的课堂小组活动,有助于提高外语课堂教学效果。     

公路企业经济活动分析

着重介绍了公路企业经济活动分析的任务、内容及其方法。     

山区公路滑坡与环境关系的探讨

随着西部大开发的蓬勃开展,人们普遍认识到基础设施的重要性,这其中公路建设摆在了首要位置,但是山区公路滑坡灾害却严重影响了公路的建设速度。以元磨高速公路为依托,研究了山区公路滑坡与地层岩性、地质构造、地形地貌、水文地质、大气降雨、地震、植被以及人类活动等之间的关系。最终得到一个结论：研究公路滑坡,首先要从研究影响滑坡的基本要素入手,这样才能标本兼治。     

科学与幻想:一种新科学史的可能性

本文意欲探讨一种新型科学史在理论上的可能性。这种探讨是从对历史上有关外星文明和星际航行的幻想作品进行科学史研究的基础之上出发的。本文先从三个方面简要论证科学与幻想之间存在密切的互动关系。这些研究表明:科学与幻想即使被认为是处在开放边界的两边,它们也是保持密切互动的——这种互动竟是如此密切,以至于在很多情况下,两者间的边界几乎可以认为是不存在的。随后讨论了应如何看待那些含有幻想成分的"不正确的"科学理论。并在此基础上论证,将幻想视为科学活动的一部分,不仅可以得到历史事实的有力支持,而且从理论上说也是可以成立的。因此,建立在这一基础上的一种新科学史,在理论上是可能的,在现今的社会环境中,也有现实的积极意义。     

Impact of Everyday Weather on Individual Daily Travel Behaviours in Perspective: A Literature Review

Despite the hundreds of billions of dollars being spent on infrastructure development -- from roads, rail and airports to energy extraction and power networks to the Internet -- surprisingly little reliable knowledge exists about the performance of these investments in terms of actual costs, benefits and risks. This paper presents results from the first statistically significant study of cost performance in transport infrastructure projects. The sample used is the largest of its kind, covering 258 projects in 20 nations worth approximately US$90 billion (constant 1995 prices). The paper shows with overwhelming statistical significance that in terms of costs transport infrastructure projects do not perform as promised. The conclusion is tested for different project types, different geographical regions and different historical periods. Substantial cost escalation is the rule rather than the exception. For rail, average cost escalation is 45% (SD=38), for fixed links (tunnels and bridges) it is 34% (62) and for roads 20% (30). Cost escalation appears a global phenomenon, existing across 20 nations on five continents. Cost estimates have not improved and cost escalation not decreased over the past 70 years. Cost estimates used in decision-making for transport infrastructure development are highly, systematically and significantly misleading. Large cost escalations combined with large standard deviations translate into large financial risks. However, such risks are typically ignored or underplayed in decision-making, to the detriment of social and economic welfare.