氢燃料电池汽车发动机关键技术研究现状及趋势展望

针对国内外氢燃料电池汽车发动机的电堆及其关键组件、关键零部件及水热管理技术,总结了其研究现状和发展趋势。在电堆及其关键组件研究方面,为进一步提高电堆功率,降低电堆成本,可着手于有序化膜电极制备工艺的研发,发展低铂催化剂以及探究金属双极板及其涂层技术。在关键零部件研发方面,空气压缩机和氢气循环泵将朝着大流量、小型化等方向发展。在水热管理研究方面,优化双极板流场和气体扩散层的微孔结构,采用复合控制策略等方式有利于燃料电池的水热管理。     

基于参数反演的堆载预压软土路基工后沉降及影响因素分析

针对某客运专线铁路软土地基分布广、厚度大和地基处理方式多样的特点,为保证路基工后沉降和稳定性满足规范要求,开展了超载预压现场试验,结合现场观测数据,采用广义开尔文流变模型进行地基参数反演,并进行铺轨施工数值模拟研究和工后沉降预测分析。分析结果表明:数值反演得到的地基参数合理可靠,经过三个月的堆载预压,工后沉降量较未堆载预压工况显著减小。路基填筑完成后的静置时间、堆载预压高度、预压时间对于工后沉降有显著影响,静置时间越长,其工后沉降量越小,增加堆载预压高度、预压时间均可以在短时间内加速地基固结沉降,减小工后     

软土硬壳层地基上路基的处理方式作用效果分析

当软土表面存在2~3 m厚的硬壳层且路基较低时,可以在硬壳层地基上直接填筑路基。常用的地基处理方式有:堆载预压和反压护道。以河北沧州沿海高速为依托工程,结合有限元软件对两种地基处理方式进行分析,所得结论对指导路基施工有实际意义。     

天津临港工业区通用码头堆场地基工程的质量控制

超软基堆场建设的质量通常不理想。通过对天津临港工业区堆场工程监理作业的实际经验总结,来证明超软基堆场建设的质量,通过严谨、完善的质量监督、管理体系是可以保证的。堆场工程的质量管理体系运用管理体系的概念,将客观条件分为材料、人员、设备3个方面来控制,将施工过程划分为事前、事中、事后来监督管理质量的形成过程,重在事前控制。从工程投放使用,到现在已有3年的时间,经证明取得了良好的质量经济效益。     

Using the SKAGEX dataset for evaluation of ocean model skills

Numerical ocean models are now being applied in numerous oceanographic studies. However, the qualities of the model results are often uncertain and there is a great need for standards and procedures for evaluation of the skills of numerical general circulation models. In this paper measurements from repeated hydrographical sections across Skagerrak taken in 1990, the SKAGEX dataset, are used to evaluate the skills of two σ-coordinate ocean models and to study the sensitivity of these models to model parameters. A methodology for quantification of model skills based on observations from repeated hydrographical sections in general is suggested. Area averages of absolute differences are for Skagerrak completely dominated by the discrepancies in the upper few meters of the ocean and may not be used to assess models' abilities to reproduce the fields in the larger and deeper part of the ocean. Therefore, discrepancies between average values in time from the observed fields and time averaged values from model outputs are related to the natural variability of the fields. The numbers produced with the suggested measure are relative numbers that will be specific for each section and for each series of observation. Ideally we would therefore like to see the measures computed for a number of sections for various models and choices of model parameters in order to assess model skills. The value of the SKAGEX dataset as a tool for model improvements is demonstrated. Evidence to support the importance of applying non-oscillatory, gradient preserving advection schemes in areas with sharp density fronts is given. The method is used to identify that the forcing/initial values/boundary values for the temperature field are inferior to the corresponding values for the salinity field. With the present coarse resolution, 11 layers in the vertical, it is shown that it is far from obvious that the quality of the model results improve when replacing simple Richardson number formulations for vertical mixing processes with higher order turbulence closure in the Skagerrak area.     

Interactions of wind and density driven currents in North Sea ROFIs—a model study

Three different versions of a baroclinic three-dimensional circulation model of the North Sea are used to obtain information on the wind and density interactions in the North Sea ROFIs (Regions Of Freshwater Influence): the standard version with fully prognostic treatment of salinity and temperature is compared to a barotropic model run on the same grid on the one hand and to an also fully prognostic model run on a four times coarser grid on the other hand. In order to gain knowledge on the wind and density interactions, two opposing wind directions are chosen for investigation, namely a time of strong north wind, 21st–28th April 1982, and a time of strong southwest wind, 22nd–24th May 1982. In the April case the effect of the salinity gradients on the border of the ROFIs of Rhine, Weser, Ems and Elbe, i.e. along the continental shore, is shown to lead to a clear enhancement of the mean surface currents. In May this result is partly disguised by the additional effect of the thermocline in the deeper parts of the North Sea, i.e. in the classical shelf sea regime region. Nevertheless, the same pattern of enhanced mean surface currents along the coast is detected and is of the same order of magnitude as in the April case. It is thus concluded that although the circulation in the North Sea is reversed by the wind, the density induced component of the general circulation is modified only slightly.     

第三方物流及发展的新趋势

浅析了第三方物流及发展的新趋势.     

喷水推进轴流泵三元水力设计

基于环量的三元设计方法和计算流体动力学,研究了叶片数、叶片流向环量中心位置与叶片出口边环量对叶轮性能的影响,分析了导叶进口边和出口边环量对喷水推进轴流泵性能的影响,通过合理地控制这些因素,设计了一种效率高、空化性能好的喷水推进轴流泵。在流量为56.2m3·s-1时,泵的扬程为35.9m,功率为21 465kW,效率为92.3%,可见,设计泵的性能优良,效率高。研究结果表明:增加叶片数能够有效减小单叶片转矩,当叶片数从5个增加到7个时,单叶片转矩减小了21%;叶片环量中心靠近出口边,有利于提高叶轮的空化性能,当环量中心从叶片弦长的0.3处移动到0.7处时,叶轮吸力面空化面积减小80%;叶轮出口边环量斜率会影响叶轮效率,当斜率分别为0.8、1.0和1.2时,叶轮效率逐步提高;当出口边环量从0.40增加到0.50时,叶轮的扬程和功率近似线性增加,扬程增加19.9%,功率增加19.5%;随着导叶进口边环量与出口边环量的比值的增大,泵效率先增大后减小,当比值为0.93时,泵的效率最高;导叶出口边环量分布会影响泵的效率、出口不均匀度和出口周向动能,当导叶出口边环量为-0.05时,泵的效率最高,出口不均匀度和出口周向动能最小。     

基于层次分析法的张家港木材流通中心选址

利用层次分析法,建立了张家港木材流通中心选址问题的结构模型,对流通中心的各备选地址进行了评估,选出最为合适的中心地址,为张家港的木材流通中心选址决策提供了科学依据.     

Hydrological changes in the Mediterranean Sea in relation to changes in the freshwater budget: A numerical modelling study

The response of the Mediterranean Sea and the various sub-basins to changes in the freshwater budget are investigated in a process-oriented study, using the POM model. The model is first integrated using values of the Nile and Ebro rivers runoff, as well as of the Dardanelles freshwater input, typical of the fifties. The model reaches a steady state representative of that existing in the Mediterranean prior to the major damming period after 90 years of integration. Then the model is integrated using the reduced river runoff values typical of the after-damming period. The additional impact of decadal scale trends in the precipitation rate as well as of intense surface cooling periods/events on the thermohaline circulation during the last 40 years were also examined. The model results show that the dramatic reduction of the Nile freshwater input and to a lesser extent the reduction of the freshwater input from the Dardanelles Straits induced a large increase in the sea surface salinity in the Aegean and Levantine basins in the late sixties/early seventies, in agreement with observations. Furthermore, the Ebro runoff reduction during the same period further enhanced the salinity increase in the Levantine basin as higher salinity surface waters of the western basin reached the eastern basin via the Atlantic Water circulation. This saltier surface layer in the vicinity of the Rhodes Gyre favoured the preconditioning for the formation of the Levantine Intermediate Water, resulting in about 40% increase of its formation rate. This in turn resulted in the production of saltier and larger amounts of deep waters in the various deep-water formation sites. According to the model, the river damming and decreased precipitation since the eighties explain about 95% of the observed salinity increase in the Western Mediterranean Deep Water over the last 40 years. The major contributor to this increase was proved to be the Nile damming. The salt increase in the surface layer is proved to be insufficient to produce alone the two climatic transient events in the deep waters of the Eastern Mediterranean in the late sixties and early nineties, respectively. Surface cooling was found to be important, resulting in large deep water formation and thus allowing the propagation of the increased surface salinity signal to the deep layers. However, model results demonstrate that the river damming played an important role in the long-term salt preconditioning of the surface/intermediate layers, thus contributing in triggering the two events.