公众参与的交通需求管理

为了加强交通需求管理（TDM）整个过程中公众参与的程度,保障TDM的可实施性和有效性,提出了公众参与的交通需求管理概念。从公众的视角,分析了TDM与公众参与的关系和公众参与TDM的意义,总结提炼了公众参与TDM的原则、方法和策略,并初步探讨了公众参与交通需求管理的主要流程和实施框架,为合理制定交通需求管理政策提供了一种参考思路与方法。     

面向实施、公众参与的停车专项规划——以温州市停车发展专项规划为例

可实施性、公众参与是作为中观层面的交通专项规划亟待解决的两个问题。结合《温州市停车发展专项规划》,对停车专项规划如何更具可实施性以及如何建立公众参与机制进行了探索和尝试。首先介绍了温州市停车专项规划的编制背景和规划思路。重点探讨了停车调查的方法和内容,提出典型地区近期停车系统整治导则以及为推动停车设施规划顺利实施的四方面保障措施。介绍规划中鼓励公众参与的方法,如入户进行民意调查、社区座谈等。通过将市民关注的问题和措施建议纳入规划中,为规划的贯彻实施奠定良好的群众基础。     

美国设计新理念在公路建设各阶段中的应用

本文分析了我国目前公路勘测设计中存在的主要问题,同时通过介绍美国在公路设计和建设过程中的灵活性的新理念,总结出可供我们借鉴和学习的设计方法和设计理念.     

Private funding and management for public interchanges in Madrid

Interchanges are key elements for improving seamless mobility in metropolitan areas where multi-stages trips are increasing. Interchange facilities make transfers short, easy and comfortable, and therefore Public Transport (PT) trips became more attractive and competitive. However, good quality interchanges are rather expensive, especially with regard to construction and operation. The solution launched in Madrid was a public-private scheme where all stakeholders involved play a key role. The first experience was Avenida America Interchange in the border of Madrid CBD, which opened in 2000. The construction was carried out through a Build and Operate and Transfer (BOT) tender. Three public bodies were involved: Municipality, Regional Government and Public Transport Authority. The concessionaire was a company constituted by a transport operator, several construction companies and a national bank. The revenues came from a fee which pays every bus using the facility, some shops, two parking lots, and other business. This positive experience has been extended to the construction of four new interchanges that were inaugurated in the years 2007 and 2008.     

Regulation and Approval of Drugs and Pesticides Used in Canadian Salmon Culture

When Canadian salmon farmers find the health of their stock is compromised by infection or disease, the use of drugs or pesticides can be required. In Canada, there is a very limited range of these chemicals legally available to farmers and veterinarians. The formal approval and registration process for these chemotherapeutants is complicated. It involves the overlap of a variety of government departments, depending on the method of application of the therapeutic compound. These formal channels, through which chemotherapeutic products, specifically drugs and pesticides, are licensed for use, are both lengthy and costly to navigate. Often, these costs exceed any potential returns from the sale of the products (OCAD, 2001; Harper, 2002). Consequently, unapproved drugs, which would not normally be available for use, are obtained through alternative channels, which may pose a number of environmental, human, and animal safety concerns. This article seeks to provide a better understanding of the approval process and regulations governing drugs and pesticides and how they are made available for use in Canadian salmon culture.     

Citizen Participation and Collaborative Environmental Management in the Marine Oil Trade of Coastal Alaska

This study compares the contributions to policy change made by two Regional Citizens’ Advisory Councils that participate in the environmental management of the marine oil trade in coastal regions of Alaska. Both councils are remarkably well-funded and long-enduring examples of citizen participation in environmental policy. This study finds that both councils have applied their substantial funding resources to make significant contributions to policy change (policy contributions) in the marine oil trade of coastal Alaska. This study also finds that both councils have greatly magnified their policy contributions through collaborative efforts with many other organizations active in the marine oil trade of Alaska. Therefore, the overall policy contributions of the councils result from the joint application of council resources and collaborative efforts.     

Management Cybernetics: A New Institutional Framework for Coastal Management

This article analyzes institutional arrangements for the delivery of coastal programs through a new way of thinking about their evolution and structure. The notion of three distinct "dimensions" describing the phases in the evolution of institutional arrangements is introduced. The notion of dimensions is developed from conceptualizing about how institutional arrangements are diagrammed. This allows the visualization of how individual institutions and key stakeholders relate to each other in the delivery of coastal programs, how effective these relationships are, and how their relationships could be redesigned. "Dimensional thinking" enables the re-examination of existing institutional design of coastal programs and how these can evolve to meet the challenges of the new millennium. It is concluded that institutional arrangements have grown from a single dimensional view, where institutions (mainly governmental) delivered programs in isolation, through to the present second dimension where agency programs are managed through coordinating bodies and through coastal management plans. It is argued that a third dimension of institutional arrangements, one that recognizes and embraces the rapid pace of change in this century, will be needed that is aligned by themes rather than by organizational structure. To illustrate a third dimension a visualization tool is developed drawing from management cybernetics. It recognizes the increasing importance of formal and informal networks in relation to traditional modernist hierarchical management by recognizing multiple stakeholders (government at all levels, industry, advocacy groups, conservation interests, and the broader community) and their degree of mutual dependence. Dimensional thinking has the potential to institutionalize the interaction between these multiple stakeholders to ensure the effective delivery of coastal programs in the new millennium. A single answer to what the third dimension of coastal management program evolution should include is not presented. Rather, an approach is presented that allows coastal managers to move forward in the debate on redesigning coastal programs to meet today's complex suite of issues, values, and interests. An experimental case study from Western Australia is used to illustrate the potential application of the dimensional thinking to coastal management institutional design in that State's coastal program.     

论排污权初始分配程序规则的建构

排污权初始分配本质上是利益的分配,初始分配涉及到环境保护行政管理机关、排污企业、社会公众等多方利益,协调、平衡各方的利益冲突,保证分配的公正是其程序建构的应有之义.在排污权的初始分配程序规则研究中,可以借鉴哈贝马斯的“商谈民主”理论,从现阶段的理论和实践情况入手,通过加强区域合作、完善流域管理和明确公众参与地位作等方面来逐步推进排污权初始分配的程序规则建构.     

论创立中国环境公民诉讼制度

借鉴影响广泛的美国公民诉讼经验,提出并论证具有我国特色的环境公民诉讼制度.本文提出,中国的环境公民诉讼制度是一种既不同于一般的行政诉讼,又不同于信访和行政复议的新的监督行政行为的制度.它的目的是督促政府勤勉依法履行环境保护公共职能.它的特点是以法庭诉讼督促政府履行环保职能的手段,以60天诉前通知期为触发法庭诉讼的必要条件.它的创立将为我国公民、法人和其他组织有序参与环境管理提供一个崭新的法律渠道.     

呼和浩特市停车发展专项规划的研究与探讨

面对呼和浩特市飞速增长的机动车保有量,停车问题已日益突显出来,而且已经成为制约城市交通发展的瓶颈。通过对呼和浩特市停车设施现状的调研和存在问题的分析,提出呼和浩特市编制停车发展专项规划的必要性和迫切性。借鉴国内外先进的规划思路和方法,对呼和浩特市停车专项规划如何具有可实施性和如何建立公众参与机制进行了探索和研究,提出针对不同地区停车系统的整治原则。探讨政府应通过成立专门管理机构和颁布相应法规来保证停车规划的可实施性。引入公众参与机制,通过将市民关注的问题和提出的措施建议纳入规划中,为规划的贯彻实施奠定良好的群众基础。