主应力轴旋转下中主应力系数对软黏土性状的影响

采用空心圆柱仪对上海原状软黏土进行了不排水剪切试验,研究了主应力轴旋转条件下中主应力系数对饱和软黏土变形与强度特性的影响。采用等压固结模式对软黏土空心薄壁试样进行固结,并在3种不同主应力轴旋转角度下,对试样进行不同中主应力系数的不排水剪切试验。试验前提为剪切过程中平均应力、中主应力系数与主应力轴旋转角度均保持不变,而偏应力逐渐增大,直至试样破坏。试验结果表明:在不同中主应力系数下,天然软黏土的变形与强度特征存在明显的差异,在3种主应力轴旋转角度下,随着中主应力系数的增加,临界应力比均呈降低趋势,相应的峰值剪切强度减小;在主应力轴旋转角度为0°时,中主应力系数为0.25和0.50的试样均出现了轻微的应变局部化现象,剪应力在达到峰值后呈逐渐降低的趋势;在主应力轴旋转角度为90°时,中主应力系数为0.50和0.75的试样所对应的状态为内外压不等的非轴对称拉伸状态,二者的峰值剪切强度比较接近,而中主应力系数为1.00的试样对应的为内外压相等的轴对称拉伸状态,其峰值剪切强度相比前二者降低了25%;在内外压相等的加载条件下,主应力轴旋转角度由0°增加为90°的同时,中主应力系数由0增加为1.00,试样破坏时对应的临界应力比与不排水剪切强度均逐渐降低。     

粉质黏土层大直径泥水盾构掘进地层扰动分析

针对盾构机在粉质黏土层中推进引起的地层扰动进行分析尤为重要。以新建京张高铁JZSG-1标段清华园隧道2号～1号盾构区间为例,采用现场实测与数值模拟相结合的方法,研究大直径泥水平衡盾构隧道穿越粉质黏土层引起的地层扰动,得到土体横向水平位移及地表沉降的变化规律。需对横向1.5D范围内地表及建(构)筑物进行地层加固、加强监控量测;在盾构掘进过程中,应根据沉降数据实时调整盾构掘进参数及加固方案,以期更好地控制地表沉降。针对掌子面释放系数和注浆层软化模量进行参数分析数值计算,提出地表沉降的有效控制方法,在条件允许情况下适当提早管片的拼装及适当加快注浆层的硬化速度,可有效控制地表沉降。     

考虑起始水力坡降时粘性土渗透系数的确定

基于粘性土的达西定律和水流连续性原则,建立了考虑起始水力坡降时粘性土的渗透系数公式和起始水头计算公式,并通过渗透系数的极差、反算水头和实测水头的最大偏差和均方差来评价所提出的公式和规程公式的误差。实例分析结果表明:考虑起始水力坡降后,采用所提出的公式得到的渗透系数大于采用规程公式得到的渗透系数值;所得到的渗透系数本身的极差、反算水头与实测水头的最大偏差以及均方差均小于规程中不考虑起始水力坡降时得到的相应值;考虑起始水力坡降后的粘性土的渗透系数更能反映粘性土的实际渗透情况。     

真空—堆载联合预压法加固海相深厚软土地基的沉降变形分析

新建广珠铁路设计时速为120 km/h,沉降控制按Ⅰ级铁路标准。其中珠海西站工程采用真空—堆载联合预压的加固方式进行海相深厚软土地基处理,先导工程分4个试验区。本文根据先导工程试验区的地表沉降和分层沉降监测结果,对增压式真空—堆载联合预压与常规真空—堆载联合预压下的软土地基沉降变形进行了统计和相关分析,为该工程预压方案选取提供了科学依据。     

Air pollution history elucidated from anthropogenic spherules and their magnetic signatures in marine sediments offshore of Southwestern Taiwan

Kaohsiung City and its neighborhood in the southwestern coastal plain of Taiwan have suffered serious air pollution since the region became the largest center for heavy-industry on the island. In order to unravel the air pollution history of the region, four ²¹⁰Pb- and ¹³⁷Cs-dated sediment box cores recovered in 2006 from offshore of this area were chosen for magnetic and petrographic analyses. The data were used to distinguish changes in concentration, composition and grain size of magnetic particles in the sediments due to inputs of anthropogenic magnetic spherules. Sedimentation rates have been reasonably constant for the last one hundred years, except at the core tops which were affected by a turbidite layer induced by a typhoon in 2005. Down-core profiles of mass-specific magnetic susceptibility (χ) and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) are similar among the cores, and reflect similar trends to magnetic spherule counts. This reveals that χ and SIRM of modern marine sediments can be used as air pollution indicators for nearby industrialized upwind areas. The studied record indicates that industrialization of the area was gradual during 1950–1980 and boomed afterward, resulting in a high production of airborne magnetic spherules, which is consistent with evidence for poor air quality at that time. Optical and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) surveys of magnetic extracts indicate that the magnetic spherules have grain sizes ranging from a few micrometers up to 50 μm and consist mainly of iron oxides with variable Si, Al, and Ca contents. X-ray diffraction analysis on magnetic extracts from different depths in the cores further indicates that magnetite and pyrrhotite, which are derived from terrigenous detritus, form the magnetic constituents of the sediments before the area was industrialized. In contrast, during the industrial boom, anthropogenic magnetite and hematite spherules became the dominant magnetic particles in the sediments. Down-core profiles of hard isothermal remanent magnetization (HIRM) below the turbidite layer also reveal similar trends to the corresponding magnetic spherule counts, which indicate that the concentration of hematite in the sediments is also closely related to the extent of air pollution. In addition, relatively low values of χ_ARM/χ, which are indicative of coarse magnetic grains, started to occur when large magnetite spherules became significant during the industrialized period. The air pollution history elucidated from our sediment core data not only reflects the development of Kaohsiung from a small village to a highly industrialized metropolitan area in the 20th century, but it is also consistent with the most recent air pollution trends revealed by real time air quality measurements of PM₁₀. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of magnetic parameters for delineating the air pollution history of coastal marine sediments down-wind of nearby industrialized regions.     

海南北部老粘性土工程地质性质研究

海南岛北部沿海广泛分布老粘性土层,该土层埋藏适中、分布稳定,但常规勘察手段难以客观全面地揭示其工程地质性质.结合海南马村港口工程项目,综合分析该老粘性土层的时代成因、微观结构、化学成分及其物理力学性质,客观全面地揭示该土层的工程地质性质,为港口建设提供地质依据.     

新会基地码头软基加固监测及效果评价分析

以新会基地码头软基处理工程为例,着重介绍软土地基在堆载预压下土体的变形、固结过程。通过对地表沉降、孔隙水压力、水平位移的现场观测及对实测数据的分析,结果表明,堆载预压法能达到预期的加固目的,是经济可靠的软基加固方法。     

一维固结变形理论参数的试验分析

通过对原状土样及重塑土样的一维固结及渗透试验分析,对一维固结变形理论中的有关试验参数进了系统试验分析。探索了土体侧压力系数在固结过程中的变化规律,发现对正常固结土存在一临界固结压力,当固结压力大于该值时,土体的变形以次固结变形为主;通过对渗透系数的变化进行分析,表明土体结构对渗透系数有较大影响,且提出了渗透系数的计算公式;同时利用割线模量法给出了地基沉降的计算公式。在此基础上,对固结系数的算法进行了有益的尝试,并将之与传统方法进行对比,提出了一种固结沉降计算新方法。最后,通过工程实例,验证了研究成果的可靠性。     

含水量对压实粘土的变形及强度性能的影响

通过室内压缩试验和直剪试验,研究了含水量对压实粘土的压缩变形与抗剪强度的影响,并从土体结构与土中基质吸力变化两个方面分析了作用机理。试验表明:随压实含水量增大,粘土的压缩变形增加、抗剪强度降低;粘聚力随压实含水量增加并非单调变化,其曲线形式类似于“”形;内摩擦角随压实含水量增加,大体上是减小的。压实粘土浸水饱和后,压缩变形显著增加,抗剪强度和粘聚力则显著降低。且压实含水量越小的土体在其他条件相同时,因饱和引起的压缩变形、抗剪强度和粘聚力损失较大,内摩擦角受浸水饱和的影响较小。     

粘土含量对粉沙质泥沙沉降速度的影响

通过对泥沙沉降试验结果进行统计整理和理论分析,研究了粘土含量对粉沙质泥沙沉降速度的影响。结果表明:泥沙沉降速度同时受泥沙中值粒径d50和粘土含量p0.004控制;沉降速度ω随泥沙中值粒径d50增大而增大;粘土含量较小时,沉速随p0.004增大而减小,粘土含量较大时,沉速随粘土含量增大而增大;粘土含量对泥沙沉速影响的分界点为20%~25%。