Characteristics and consequences of the cruise traffic seasonality on ports: the Spanish Mediterranean case

Cruise traffic is a maritime business and tourist typology that has expanded significantly in the past two decades. The seasonality of the industry affects maritime traffic, generating negative effects for the primary stakeholders involved in the configuration of a cruise itinerary. This article focuses on cruise traffic seasonality from the perspective of cruise ports by analysing a sample of 13 ports on the Spanish Mediterranean coast. The variable used was cruise passenger movements during the period 2000–2015. The main objective of this article is to analyse cruise traffic seasonality in order to identify a pattern, classify through a cluster analysis, and identify the changes in seasonality during the period. Specifically, a threefold analysis has been performed, with the additional goal of providing a series of counter-seasonal suggestions and strategies to apply in the management of cruise ports. First, the seasonality pattern of each port was determined. Second, a cluster analysis was conducted to classify ports into clusters with homogeneous seasonality patterns. Third, an analysis was conducted to identify the changes in seasonality during the period of analysis using the coefficient of variation and the Gini coefficient. This article concludes the existence of two port clusters with different seasonal patterns.     

南通市沿海滩涂资源围垦开发现状与成效*

通过对南通沿海滩涂资源潜力的分析,结合南通沿海地区当前滩涂围垦现状,总结该区域滩涂围垦所带来的一系列成效。研究表明：南通沿海地区加强滩涂围垦有利于拓展渔业发展空间,提升渔业发展水平;加快陆海产业合理布局,促进产业转型升级;完善港口基础设施,促进临港产业发展;促进港产城融合发展,壮大滨海旅游业。     

Armoring Against Coastal Climate Adaptation in the US: A Massachusetts Perspective

Massachusetts, like many coastal states in the US, stands to be impacted from climate-induced sea level rise. As a result, climate-sensitive coastal policy instruments are critical for providing adequate adaptation options, including an option to allow coastal features to migrate inland. But the migration of coastal features is under threat due to extensive private armoring. This essay highlights specific regulatory instruments at the federal and state level dealing with hard armoring using Massachusetts as an example. It argues specific federal and state regulations legitimize and incentivize hard armoring over other coastal land use planning methods. The current level of armoring in Massachusetts is highlighted and implications under current federal and state policy frameworks are explained. Suggestions for coastal states planning for sea level rise are discussed, including the need for state planning to take the lead. Recommendations for changes at the federal level are also highlighted.     

Digging Deep: Managing Social and Policy Dimensions of Geoduck Aquaculture Conflict in Puget Sound,Washington

Shellfish aquaculture can result in conflicts among stakeholders who perceive impacts and tradeoffs regarding sense of place, aesthetic, recreational, economic, and ecological values. Pacific geoduck clams (Panopea generosa Gould 1850) are grown in intertidal plots using gear- and labor-intensive techniques that result in a high value export product. A confluence of issues has resulted in on-going social and legal tensions surrounding geoduck aquaculture in southern Puget Sound, Washington (WA), USA. Using interviews and document analysis, we explored stakeholder perspectives and policy issues related to geoduck aquaculture in southern Puget Sound. Twenty-three stakeholders were interviewed, including state agency employees, representatives of the aquaculture industry, nongovernmental organizations, landowners, a tribal member, and an academic. Nine state hearings board decisions on challenges to aquaculture permits were also analyzed. Stakeholders articulated a variety of perspectives regarding aesthetic, recreational, land-use, ecological, political, regulatory, and economic aspects of geoduck aquaculture activities. Hearings board cases addressed similar issues (aesthetic, ecological, and recreational), as well as challenges to restrictions on aquaculture. Potential strategies for managing this conflict include emphasizing best management practices, identifying and incorporating best available science, joint fact-finding approaches, and initiating and improving communication among all stakeholders.     

印度港口的发展规划

从政策方面介绍了印度国家港口发展规划和4个主要港口的开发计划,并从具体数据预测了印度港口的运输需求,提出了适合需求的吞吐能力、必要投资和资金计划。     

Modelling with joint choice of ports and countries of origin and destination: application to Colombian ports

Literature has focused on studying port choice independently or as an element of a supply chain without considering the joint selection with the country of origin/destination of the imports/exports. However, the characteristics and location of a port may make it more attractive to mobilise more freight from/to some particular countries rather than others, making the port choice decision dependent on the country of origin/destination of the cargo. This article proposes advanced econometric models to evaluate simultaneously port choice and the country of origin/destination choice for Colombian imports and exports. Findings suggest that for imports and exports domestic freight rate is the most important variable for the joint choice process. Also, for exports, maritime transit time is more relevant than for imports, while for the frequency of shipping lines the opposite is true. The existence of a trade agreement and the gross domestic product per capita also have a significant influence on the election of a country for exports/imports.     

Governance of Shipping Emission of SOx in China's Coastal Waters: The SECA Policy,Challenges, and Directions

Emission governance of air pollutants from ships is a common challenge for the world's shipping industry. Under the framework of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), Europe, North America, and other developed regions and countries have established strict ship Emission Control Areas (ECAs). With some of the largest ports in the world, China suffers severe air pollution from ships, posing a threat to the air quality and public health of the coastal cities. To strengthen the control and supervision over air pollutants, such as ship-emitted sulfur oxides (SO_x) in coastal areas, China issued a Sulfur Emission Control Area (SECA) policy for ships in January 2016. However, the new SECA policy lags far behind IMO's existing ECA policies, and continues to face many challenges during implementation. This paper outlines the main framework of China's ship SECA policy, analyzes the legal governance basis, discusses major potential challenges for implementing the policy, and puts forward suggestions for future governance. This research aims to promote the effectiveness of China's sulfur emission-reducing SECA policy by putting forth novel ideas for policymakers and stakeholders.     

The role of dry port in hub-and-spoke network under Belt and Road Initiative

Dry port plays increasingly an important role in the integration of inland regions with seaports, and cross-border inland ports especially in the context of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) originally proposed by China. This paper studies a logistics network connecting the inland regions by dry ports based on a two-stage logistical gravity model. First, a basic logistical gravity model is developed to analyze the radiated inland regions from dry ports, where the logistical quality of dry ports is calculated by principal component analysis. Second, considering mutual impacts among dry ports, seaports and cross-border inland ports, the influence of logistical gravity on the network is examined by using a coefficient based on the Ordered Weighted Averaging Operator in multi-attribute decision theory. An improved logistical gravity model is further developed to investigate the logistical connections among various ports (e.g. dry ports, seaports and cross-border inland ports; hub and feeder ports). Then, a hub-and-spoke network can be established. Dry ports are potential to connect to the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road. So a Chinese case is used to verify the proposed method. The strategies of embedding inland regions in the BRI are discussed based on the experimental studies.     

河口海岸区域离岸压力式水位测量的误差分析与质量控制方法

基于定量计算结果和实测数据分析了不同影响因素对河口海岸区域压力式水位测量的误差影响,并探讨了相应质量控制方法,可为在水温、盐度、含沙量等影响水体密度的要素复杂多变、床面冲淤变化频繁的河口海岸区域开展离岸压力式水位测量工作提供理论指导和借鉴。结果表明:1)河口海岸区域离岸压力式水位测量误差来源主要包括压力传感器老化,气压变化,水温、盐度、含沙量变化导致的水体密度变化,重力加速度估值误差,水位计坐底安装架体失稳等5个方面的影响因素。其中,水温、盐度、含沙量变化导致的水体密度变化和水位计坐底安装架体失稳两个方面的影响因素为河口海岸区域内更易出现的误差来源。2)可行的河口海岸区域离岸压力式水位测量针对性质量控制措施主要包括:(1)定期校核、标定压力传感器压电转换关系;(2)测量作业前应将可用压力式水位计置于相同室内环境下测试数小时,避免使用空气压力测试值明显与多数仪器偏差较大的仪器个体;(3)实测测点水域同步海表气压过程;(4)尽可能在浅水区测量并同步监测水温、盐度和含沙量要素;(5)基于测区实际纬度估算重力加速度;(6)增强坐底架体稳定性并动态加密监测压力式水位测量零点。     

卫星云图在中国沿海船舶防台中的应用

根据卫星气象学知识和方法,结合海上实际应用经验,探讨了卫星云图在中国沿海船舶防台中的应用方法,并以0801"浣熊"台风为例进行了说明。卫星云图在船舶防台中的应用包括:①判断热带气旋生成的可能性;②确定热带气旋的中心位置;③确定热带气旋的强度;④判断热带气旋的移动。