火灾自动报警系统设计方案有关问题的探讨

结合现行有关防火设计规范的要求,简要介绍了火灾自动报警系统设计系统构成方式,重点对目前消防泵及喷淋泵控制方案设计进行了分析研讨,指出消火栓按钮、湿式报警阀压力开关启泵控制以及消防控制室自动控制、手动直接控制存在的问题,在满足规范要求的条件下,确定了优选方案。提出了消防泵控制方案设计需注意的问题及对有关消防产品改进的建议。     

Dynamic simulation of train–truck collision at level crossings

Trains crashing onto heavy road vehicles stuck across rail tracks are more likely occurrences at level crossings due to ongoing increase in the registration of heavy vehicles and these long heavy vehicles getting caught in traffic after partly crossing the boom gate; these incidents lead to significant financial losses and societal costs. This paper presents an investigation of the dynamic responses of trains under frontal collision on road trucks obliquely stuck on rail tracks at level crossings. This study builds a nonlinear three-dimensional multi-body dynamic model of a passenger train colliding with an obliquely stuck road truck on a ballasted track. The model is first benchmarked against several train dynamics packages and its predictions of the dynamic response and derailment potential are shown rational. A geometry-based derailment assessment criterion is applied to evaluate the derailment behaviour of the frontal obliquely impacted trains under different conditions. Sensitivities of several key influencing parameters, such as the train impact speed, the truck mass, the friction at truck tyres, the train–truck impact angle, the contact friction at the collision zone, the wheel/rail friction and the train suspension are reported.     

沥青桥面铺装早期破坏原因分析

从设计、施工、外部原因等方面分析沥青桥面铺装早期破坏原因及其相应防治措施。     

高桩码头异常靠泊有限元仿真模拟

船舶大型化、靠泊作业频繁、管理漏洞以及某些不可抗力因素造成异常靠泊事故时有发生。目前,码头在异常靠泊情况下的受力及位移特性尚不明确,损伤评估缺乏理论基础,为使现场检测更有针对性,利用ANSYS有限元结构分析软件建立了受损码头的数学模型,考虑了桩土间相互作用及橡胶护舷对碰撞的缓冲作用。将模型碰撞损伤结果与码头实际受损情况进行对比,简要分析了碰撞中部分结构受力极值的相对关系和位移情况。结果表明：在该碰撞实例条件下,模型运行基本可反映异常靠泊发生时高桩码头结构损伤情况。     

Formal scientific research of traffic collision data utilizing GIS

This paper explores the tenuous link between speeding behavior and accident causation, one that has not been well established in the international literature to date. Taking advantage of established engineering conventions and formulae, we were able to set up an a priori hypothesis suitable for testing. Utilizing this formal scientific method (which GIS researchers have been criticised for not using) we establish a statistical link for this relationship. Our methodology can be used to support all police intervention strategies, including the controversial photo radar systems. The results from our research have been entered into a GIS in order to create a map for spatial display. This map illustrates the relative probability or risk of collision occurrence resulting from speeding at all intersections and interchanges within the scope of the study. It is suggested that this methodology could easily be maintained with periodic updates of data, thus creating a dynamic model from which to monitor traffic safety within the city. Furthermore, this model can be utilized to study specific strategies, allowing for the scrutiny of before, during and after effects. The study area is the entire city of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and includes all traffic collisions occurring during the year of 1994.     

Assessing the impact of reduced visibility on traffic crash risk using microscopic data and surrogate safety measures

Due to the difficulty of obtaining accurate real-time visibility and vehicle based traffic data at the same time, there are only few research studies that addressed the impact of reduced visibility on traffic crash risk. This research was conducted based on a new visibility detection system by mounting visibility sensor arrays combined with adaptive learning modules to provide more accurate visibility detections. The vehicle-based detector, Wavetronix SmartSensor HD, was installed at the same place to collect traffic data. Reduced visibility due to fog were selected and analyzed by comparing them with clear cases to identify the differences based on several surrogate measures of safety under different visibility classes. Moreover, vehicles were divided into different types and the vehicles in different lanes were compared in order to identify whether the impact of reduced visibility due to fog on traffic crash risk varies depending on vehicle types and lanes. Log-Inverse Gaussian regression modeling was then applied to explore the relationship between time to collision and visibility together with other traffic parameters. Based on the accurate visibility and traffic data collected by the new visibility and traffic detection system, it was concluded that reduced visibility would significantly increase the traffic crash risk especially rear-end crashes and the impact on crash risk was different for different vehicle types and for different lanes. The results would be helpful to understand the change in traffic crash risk and crash contributing factors under fog conditions. We suggest implementing the algorithms in real-time and augmenting it with ITS measures such as VSL and DMS to reduce crash risk.     

智能汽车自动紧急转向避撞的跟踪控制方法对比研究

为了提高智能汽车的主动安全性,提出3种不同的自动紧急转向避撞跟踪控制方法。首先建立汽车避撞简化模型,对制动、转向及两者相结合的3种不同避撞方式进行对比分析。其次,为深入研究汽车避撞过程中的实际响应,建立包含转向、制动及悬架3个子系统耦合特性的底盘18自由度统一动力学模型,并进行相关试验验证。随后构建智能汽车自动紧急转向避撞控制框架,对五次多项式参考路径和七次多项式参考路径的横摆角速度和横摆角加速度进行对比分析。接着以线性2自由度转向动力学模型为参考对象,对最优控制四轮转向、最优控制前轮转向、前馈与反馈控制相结合的前轮转向3种不同的跟踪控制系统分别进行设计。最后,以汽车底盘18自由度统一动力学模型为研究对象,对上述3种避撞控制系统进行仿真试验对比分析。研究结果表明：与制动避撞相比而言,转向避撞所需的纵向距离有较大降低,随着车速的增加和路面附着系数的越低,效果越明显;七次多项式参考路径比五次多项式参考路径的避撞过渡过程更为平缓,当实际车速与控制器所用车速不一致时,前者避撞性能表现更优;最优四轮转向控制系统在高、低2种不同附着路面都具有较好的避撞效果,最优前轮转向控制系统次之,而前馈与反馈相结合的前轮转向控制系统在低附着路面上则表现出严重的失稳。     

行人头部与车辆碰撞中旋转速度对颅脑组织响应影响

为了探究旋转速度在行人头部与车辆碰撞中对颅脑组织响应影响,对46例真实交通事故进行了运动学重建获得行人头部与车辆碰撞线性、旋转速度分布特征,并依此建立了头部与风挡、发动机罩碰撞有限元仿真模型,分析了头部旋转速度在不同线性速度和碰撞位置下对颅脑应力应变响应影响特征.结果表明:在行人头部与风挡碰撞中,当线性速度小于40 k...     

智能汽车对无信号交叉口行人的避撞控制

针对智能汽车在无信号交叉口对横穿行人的避撞问题,研究了主动转向避撞控制策略。基于多层模型预测控制方法,采用分层控制策略设计局部规划层控制器与全局跟踪层控制器,在此基础上根据交叉口处汽车与行人的轨迹特征计算人车碰撞剩余时间,改进传统人工势场法构造避撞函数,规划出既能规避交叉口内存在碰撞风险的行人又能使偏差最小的局部避撞路径,并使智能汽车在满足多项动力学约束时准确跟踪参考路径,通过搭建CarSim/Simulink联合仿真平台,结合广东省2006—2018年交通事故数据库选取对交叉口人车碰撞有显著影响的因素,设计仿真场景进行仿真分析。结果表明：智能汽车能在多个初始点完成对参考路径的跟踪,控制器对不同速度和附着条件有较高的鲁棒性,高速低附着场景中,智能汽车横向加速度小于0.4 g、质心侧偏角小于2°、前轮侧偏角小于2.5°,各约束量满足舒适性和平稳性条件;4个典型交叉口场景中,智能汽车以不同速度直行或转弯通过交叉口,均能识别横穿行人中存在碰撞风险的行人实现主动转向避撞。     

中国桥梁工程学术研究综述·2021

为了促进中国桥梁工程学科的发展,系统梳理了近年来国内外桥梁工程领域（包括结构设计、建造技术、运维保障、防灾减灾等）的学术研究现状、热点前沿、存在问题、具体对策及发展前景。首先总结了桥梁工程学科在新材料与结构体系、工业化与智能建造、抗灾变能力、智能化与信息化等方面取得的最新进展;然后分别对上述桥梁工程领域各方面的内容进行了系统梳理：桥梁结构设计方面重点探讨了钢桥及组合结构桥梁、高性能材料与结构、深水桥梁基础的研究现状;桥梁建造新技术方面综述了钢结构桥梁施工新技术、预制装配技术以及桥梁快速建造技术;桥梁运维方面总结了桥梁检测、监测与评估加固的最新研究;桥梁防灾减灾方面突出了抗震减震、抗风、抗火、抗撞和抗水的研究新进展;同时对桥梁工程领域各方向面临的关键问题、主要挑战及未来发展趋势进行了展望,以期对桥梁工程学科的学术研究和工程实践提供新的视角和基础资料。（北京工业大学韩强老师提供初稿）