Jobs-housing imbalance, spatial correlation, and excess commuting

In this paper, we use continuous urban structure instead of zonal model, try to calculate unbiased excess commuting with joint distribution of homes and workplaces developed by Vaughan (1974), and describe the relationship between urban structure and commuting distance explicitly and theoretically for generalized home-workplace assignment pattern. We simplify the quadrivariate distribution model to a model with three important parameters: the spread of homes, the spread of workplaces, and the spatial correlation of homes and workplaces. Then we show that excess commuting and capacity utilization are expressed by the imbalance and the spatial correlation of jobs-housing structure in a theoretical context, moreover it explicitly evaluates targeting US and Japanese/Korean cities.     

Urban spatial location advantage: The dual of the transportation problem and its implications for land-use and transport planning

Numerous recent studies have investigated the relationship between the location of jobs and housing in urban areas and how this relates to urban commuting patterns. Few have utilised the dual of the transportation problem of linear programming (TPLP) to provide insights into these relationships Accordingly, this analysis utilises the TPLP to determine dual variable values (shadow prices) for a study area in Dublin, Ireland. The approach determines the pattern of relative location advantage for the peak and off-peak travel periods and for public and private transport for 1991 and 2001. The results are set against the expected results for hypothetical urban structures. The results show that the pattern of relative location advantage has altered sharply over the study period for off-peak trip-making but has remained more or less the same for trip-making in the peak period. For the off-peak period, the pattern of relative location advantage has shifted from the central area to the periphery specifically for private transport trips; for public transport, the pattern has remained focused on the city centre. This indicates that private transport users can react more quickly to changes in the distribution of land-use activities than their public transport counterparts due to the relatively fixed nature of the latter mode. This implies that the public transport network needs to be reorganized to better reflect the revised pattern of trip-making specifically for the off-peak period. The results demonstrate the value of using the approach for providing information about the spatial organisation of land uses within cities and where future development may be targeted.     

Origin-destination trip table estimation based on subarea network OD flow and vehicle trajectory data

Identifying accurate origin-destination (O-D) travel demand is one of the most important and challenging tasks in the transportation planning field. Recently, a wide range of traffic data has been made available. This paper proposes an O-D estimation model using multiple field data. This study takes advantage of emerging technologies – car navigation systems, highway toll collecting systems and link traffic counts – to determine O-D demand. The proposed method is unique since these multiple data are combined to improve the accuracy of O-D estimation for an entire network. We tested our model on a sample network and found great potential for using multiple data as a means of O-D estimation. The errors of a single input data source do not critically affect the model’s overall accuracy, meaning that combining multiple data provides resilience to these errors. It is suggested that the model is a feasible means for more reliable O-D estimation.     

An investigation into the feasibility of increasing rail use as an alternative to the car

With rail travel largely seen to be a more sustainable method than road-based transport, this paper examines the market segments amongst existing motorists that would be most likely to travel by train in the UK. The analysis is based on a large survey in London and the south-east of England, the area surrounding the routes operated by the train company First Capital Connect. Findings show that train travellers tend to be middle-aged and of a higher social grade, typically taking commuting or business trips. Individuals living within four miles of a station are considerably more likely to travel by rail than those further away. Given the competition from road-based transport, it is of particular interest that the measure highlighted to increase rail use for those living further away from the rail network is to enhance car parking at train stations.     

Employment suburbanisation, reverse commuting and travel behaviour by residents of the central city in the Paris metropolitan area

This paper analyses the relationship between employment suburbanisation in the Paris metropolitan area, the growth of reverse commuting and changes in the weekday travel behaviour of working residents of the central city over a 20-year period. The results show that the number of reverse commuters has significantly increased because the municipality of Paris has lost many jobs but few working residents whilst employment has developed in the suburbs. Reverse commuters are mainly and increasingly high-income professionals whose workplace is located close to the central city in employment sub-centres that are well served by public transport. Consequently reverse commuters have lower than average car use although differences exist and are related to their professional status. The policy implications of these findings are discussed in the conclusion.     

居民出行分布的熵模型及其参数标定

为寻求一种描述各种出行分布情况的普适性模型,运用最大信息熵原理,结合数理统计方法,建立了以原点矩均值为约束条件的新模型体系。为确定模型参数,提出了熵模型的参数标定方法,利用长春市居民出行调查数据对参数标定方法进行了验证。数据验证结果显示,对于步行、自行车、公交车和小汽车四种出行方式,最高阶原点矩的阶数分别取3、4、5时,所有模型均通过置信度为95％的χ^2检验。通过χ^2值和分布曲线的比较发现,不同出行方式取得最好效果的最高阶原点矩的阶数并不一致,这种差异取决于出行方式的内在特性。居民出行分布的信息熵模型可以定量描述任意出行方式的分布规律,所提出的参数标定方法简单有效。     

日本物流调查的经验与借鉴

物流调查是物流设施规划与政策制定的重要基础。物流数据统计发展滞后已成为制约中国物流业发展的重要瓶颈。通过梳理日本在物流调查方面的工作进展,总结其在调查制度保障、组织模式、调查方案、调查内容及方法等方面的特点。针对中国物流行业发展现状,提出具体建议:加快开展货运需求调查的前瞻性研究,规范并指导企业构建统一的物流信息数据与平台,远期将货运调查纳入综合交通调查体系等。     

基于个体出行数据的公共交通出行链提取方法

公共交通个体出行信息的提取对掌握公共交通出行的时空特征,改善居民通勤出行效率具有重要意义.研究从公交刷卡数据、公交定位数据、轨道AFC数据等海量公共交通多源数据的关联匹配与处理方法入手,提出了公共交通出行链信息提取中,换乘关系判断、通勤行为判别及出行起讫点匹配的方法与规则,标定了出行链匹配阈值参数,建立了基于个体出行数据的公共交通通勤出行链提取模型.提取模型的准确度验证表明:出行链结构提取及通勤出行判别的成功率均达到100%,出行阶段起讫点匹配成功率为87.5%,准确性为97.1%,满足了公共交通出行特征提取的需求.该方法为公共交通通勤出行判别及基于个体的微观通勤出行时空特征的深入分析奠定了基础.     

天津市居民出行特征分析与交通政策探讨

依据天津市居民出行调查的有关数据,通过对出行强度、出行方式、出行距离、出行成本等系列指标总结归纳出天津市城市居民出行的规律、变化特征及其原因,并与我国其他部分城市的居民出行资料进行对比分析,针对未来发展趋势对天津市城市交通发展提出相应的对策与建议。