重力模型标定方法的分析及应用

介绍双约束重力模型参数标定的方法,并以西部某一新城区居民出行分布为例,详细给出参数标定的实现过程。表明此方法操作简单,在实际交通规划的出行分布预测阶段,具有一定参考价值。     

基于土地利用的交通需求预测

指出传统交通需求预测方法的不足,分析交通与土地利用的本质以及交通需求与土地利用之间的内在联系,建立土地利用与交通需求生成的相关关系模型,简化传统方法的预测过程,并以浏阳为例,根据土地利用情况直接进行交通需求预测,较好地映了浏阳的交通需求情况,为把土地利用规划和交通规划相结合提供一种思路。     

城市居民出行成本的量化方法研究

本文通过对城市中几种常见的出行方式,主要包括步行、自行车、摩托车、公共汽车、小汽车和出租丰在使用成本、基础设施成本、出行时间成本以及外部成本四个方面的数量化方法研究,分别确立了城市交通出行成本的计算方法和模型。然后以哈尔滨市为案例进行了调查和分析研究,以便为交通政策的制定以及交通资源的合理利用提供科学依据,促进城市交通的可持续发展。     

通勤制约度对儿童陪伴出行决策过程的影响

为了考察家庭通勤活动对儿童接送行为决策过程的内在影响机理,本文基于活动理论与时间地理学方法,应用昆明市居民出行日志调查的第一手数据,以家庭为分析单元,构建基于活动的二维时空出行链,剖析家庭中儿童陪伴出行的时空间特征及其典型接送模式;提出通勤制约度概念,量化家长通勤活动的时空间制约程度和相互影响程度,并建立结构方程模型.结果表明：当男女家长双方通勤制约度均衡时,相互制约影响强烈,家庭内部会优先选择制约度最小的接送模式,然后再根据家长与儿童出行路线的匹配程度来确定接送人员,接送工具决策处于整个决策过程的最末位.当男女家长双方通勤制约度不均衡时,家庭内部则优先选择通勤制约度低的家长接送儿童,再确定接送工具和接送模式,接送行为上升为家庭活动模式的优先考虑因素.     

山地城市轨道车站周边住宅区居民出行研究

根据山地城市轨道车站与周边住宅区衔接方式的差异,将住宅区与轨道车站衔接划分为短距离、中距离及长距离三类模式,并对中短距离两类衔接模式典型住宅区居民出行高峰小时产生率、出行方式比例、同种出行目的方式比例进行特征对比分析。研究表明：短距离衔接模式,能够显著提升居民采用公共交通出行比例;中短距离两种衔接模式,住宅区私家车出行比例相差不大;居民对不同交通方式换乘选择意愿较弱。研究结果可为山地城市住宅区引导和保障居民选择公共交通出行提供参考借鉴。     

Transportation impacts of center-based telecommuting: Interim findings from the Neighborhood Telecenters Project

The transportation impacts of center-based telecommuting for 24 participants (representing 69 person-days of travel and 295 trips) in the California Neighborhood Telecenters Project are analyzed. Comparing non-telecommuting (NTC) day to telecommuting (TC) day travel shows that person-trips did not change significantly, whereas vehicle-trips increased significantly (by about one trip) on TC days. Both PMT and VMT decline significantly on TC days: by an average of 68 miles (74%) and 38 miles (65%), respectively. When these savings are weighted by the frequency of telecommuting, overall reductions in PMT and VMT come to 19% and 17%, respectively, of total weekday travel. Commute trips increase slightly (by 0.5 trips) but significantly, mainly due to lunch-time trips made home from the telecenter. Total non-commute travel does not increase, but there is a significant shift from other modes to driving alone on TC days. Commute mode split on NTC days is not affected by telecommuting. Travel on TC days tends to be compressed into fewer hours. Higher numbers of return home, eat meal, shopping, and social/recreational trips are made on TC days, in exchange for a reduction (to zero) in the number of change mode trips.     

Running for the 7:45: The effects of public transit improvements on commuter stress

This research project took advantage of the implementation of a major mass transit improvement by New Jersey Transit which provided a "one-seat ride" into New York City for many commuters who previously had to transfer in Hoboken in order to take Port Authority Trans Hudson (PATH) trains into New York City. The creation of this new service provided a natural experiment in which some riders switched to the new route, while others continued to use their previous route. We studied psychological and psychophysiological responses to these commuting options, using a quasi-experimental, pre-post change, field research design.We found that riders on this new line had lower levels of stress, as multiply measured, than they had earlier, before the advent of this new train, or than did other riders currently using the Hoboken-PATH option. The stress effects seemed to be mediated by the time of the trip – that is, the reduced trip time of the new, direct service seemed to be a primary factor in the reduced stress to riders. Predictability of the trip was also inversely correlated with stress, but did not distinguish between the commuter groups. These results were largely replicated with a student group who rode the same lines acting as simulated commuters.     

The positive utility of the commute: modeling ideal commute time and relative desired commute amount

Two measures of commute time preferences – Ideal Commute Time and Relative Desired Commute amount (a variable indicating the desire to commute "much less" to "much more" than currently) – are modeled, using tobit and ordered probit, respectively. Ideal Commute Time was found to be positively related to Actual Commute Time and to a liking and utility for commuting, and negatively related to commute frequency and to a family/community-oriented lifestyle. Relative Desired Commute, on the other hand, was negatively related to amounts of actual commute and work-related travel, but positively related to travel liking and a measure of commute benefit. Overall, commute time is not unequivocally a source of disutility to be minimized, but rather offers some benefits (such as a transition between home and work). Most people have a non-zero optimum commute time, which can be violated in either direction – i.e. it is possible (although comparatively rare, occurring for only 7% of the sample) to commute too little. On the other hand, a large proportion of people (52% of the sample) are commuting longer than they would like, and hence would presumably be receptive to reducing (although usually not eliminating) that commute.     

基于随机用户平衡的混合交通网络流量分离模型

考虑了影响出行者交通选择行为的主要因素(时间、费用、方便性、舒适性等),分析了在多种交通方式(私家车、出租车、公交车、轨道交通以及自行车等)存在条件下城市交通网络中出行者交通选择行为,包括交通方式选择和出行路径选择,并基于随机用户平衡(SUE)理论构造了城市混合交通网络的流量分离和分配综合模型及求解算法。最后通过一个简单算例,得到了当各种影响因素变化时,各种交通方式的流量变化情况。     

汽车滚翻事故的再现分析方法

汽车滚翻事故的再现分析是一个复杂的过程,需要仔细考察汽车滚翻过程的3个阶段,包括侧滑阶段、侧翻阶段和翻滚阶段.论述了各阶段再现分析常用的模型和方法,介绍了一般计算方法或再现步骤,以及二维和三维再现的目标和技术要点,使用计算机辅助事故再现.再现分析滚翻事故中汽车运动过程及其瞬时速度和空间姿态,能够为事故处理和责任认定提供科学依据,并有助于改进车身机构和车内被动安全装置的设计.