Crash analysis and dynamical behaviour of light road and rail vehicles

The main goal of crashworthiness is to ensure that vehicles are safer for occupants, cargo and other road or rail users. The crash analysis of vehicles involves structural impact and occupant biomechanics. The traditional approaches to crashworthiness not only do not take into account the full vehicle dynamics, but also uncouple the structural impact and the occupant biomechanics in the crash study. The most common strategy is to obtain an acceleration pulse from a vehicle structural impact analysis or experimental test, very often without taking into account the effect of suspensions in its dynamics, and afterwards feed this pulse into a rigid occupant compartment that contains models of passengers. Multibody dynamics is the most common methodology to build and analyse vehicle models for occupant biomechanics, vehicle dynamics and, with ever increasing popularity, structural crash analysis. In this work, the aspects of multibody modelling relevant to road and rail vehicles and to occupant biomechanical modelling are revised. Afterwards, it is shown how multibody models of vehicles and occupants are used in crash analysis. The more traditional aspects of vehicle dynamics are then introduced in the vehicle models in order to appraise their importance in the treatment of certain types of impact scenarios for which the crash outcome is sensitive to the relative orientation and alignment between vehicles. Through applications to the crashworthiness of road and of rail vehicles, selected problems are discussed and the need for coupled models of vehicle structures, suspension subsystems and occupants is emphasized.     

Heavy-duty vehicle modelling and longitudinal control

This paper addresses modelling, longitudinal control design and implementation for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). The challenging problems here are: (a) an HDV is mass dominant with low power to mass ratio; (b) They possess large actuator delay and actuator saturation. To reduce model mismatch, it is necessary to obtain a nonlinear model which is as simple as the control design method can handle and as complicated as necessary to capture the intrinsic vehicle dynamics. A second order nonlinear vehicle body dynamical model is adopted, which is feedback linearizable. Beside the vehicle dynamics, other main dynamical components along the power-train and drive-train are also modelled, which include turbocharged diesel engine, torque converter, transmission, transmission retarder, pneumatic brake and tyre. The braking system is the most challenging part for control design, which contains three parts: Jake (engine compression) brake, air brake and transmission retarder. The modelling for each is provided. The use of engine braking effect is new complementary to Jake (compression) brake for longitudinal control, which is united with Jake brake in modelling. The control structure can be divided into upper level and lower level. Upper level control uses sliding mode control to generate the desired torque from the desired vehicle acceleration. Lower level control is divided into two branches: (a) engine control: from positive desired torque to desired fuel rate (engine control) using a static engine mapping which basically captures the intrinsic dynamic performance of the turbo-charged diesel engine; (b) brake control: from desired negative torque to generate Jake brake cylinder number to be activated and ON/OFF time periods, applied pneumatic brake pressure and applied voltage of transmission retarder. Test results are also reported.     

脑脊液HCG对恶性滋养细胞肿瘤脑转移的诊断价值

对２８例恶性滋养细胞肿瘤肺转移患者血和脑脊液ＨＣＧ值进行了测定。７例发生中枢神经系统转移（脑转移５例，脊髓转移２例）。转移组与无转移组之脑脊液ＨＣＧ值、血和脑脊液ｈｃＧ比值，均有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．００１，Ｐ＜０．０５）。脑转移病例血和脑脊液比值最高为３８：１。证明血和脑脊液ＨＣＧ比值可作为判断有无中枢神经系统转移的敏感指标，对高危患者筛选的依据。     

国内外高速列车动力学评价标准综述

针对高速列车的动力学性能评价标准中所涉及的评价内容、评价方法、评价指标及限值展开综述,围绕蛇行运动稳定性、脱轨安全性和运行平稳性展开标准分析和对比,包括ISO系列、UIC系列、EN系列、TSI系列、FRA系列、APTA系列和中国国标等法律规范、行业标准、技术规范等,指出不足或改进建议; 对具有代表性的动力学标准进行详细对比,包括新旧版本国标《机车车辆动力学性能评定及试验鉴定规范》(GB/T 5599)、国际铁路联盟Testing and Approval of Railway Vehicles from the Point of View of Their Dynamic Behaviour—Safety—Track Fatigue—Running Behaviour (UIC 518)、俄罗斯Railway Multiple Units—Durability and Dynamics Requirements (GOST/R 55495)等; 对北美FRA和APTA系列标准规定的理想轨道激励下动态响应、准静态性能评价方法等进行应用示范。研究结果表明：蛇行运动稳定性均通过构架横向加速度、构架力或轮轨力进行评判,而数值仿真、台架和线路试验需选择对应适用的方法; 结合现阶段中国高速列车的长期服役动力学性能,若列车以400 km·h^-1及以上速度运行时,建议加速度滤波带宽仍采用0.5~10.0 Hz,幅值限值建议7 Hz以内为8 m·s^-2,而7~9 Hz放宽至10 m·s^-2,并持续10次、2 s或100 m; 针对爬轨脱轨安全性评估,现有标准均基于轮轨力和车轮抬升量进行动态和静态评判,但在指标限值、持续作用时间或运行距离上存在差异,建议采用车轮脱轨系数和轮重减载率的联合评判方法; 新版GB/T 5599删除了倾覆系数和轮轨横向力指标,放宽了轮重减载率限值,轮轴横向力限值维持不变; GOST/R 55495评价方法不区分车辆类型,采用构架力而非轮轨力对运行安全性进行评价,横垂向平稳性指标计算时采用相同的频域加权,且低频段加权带宽及幅值显著比GB/T 5599大,不对平稳性指标进行分级评价; 复兴号CR400BF动车组的运行安全性指标和平稳性指标同时满足GB/T 5599和GOST/R 55495标准要求; 采用北美标准对某160 km·h^-1客车进行理想轨道激励下动态响应分析,8类不平顺激扰中的重复高低和单次高低不平顺工况较为恶劣,6个评价指标中的轮重减载率和车体垂向加速度容易超限。     

CFD Analysis of Flow Characteristics of Corrugated Louvered Fins at Low Reynolds

A 2-D laminar flow model was established for CFD analysis of air-flow between louvered fins. Two louvered fins are studied based on commercial software FLUENT. Air-flow pressure drop characteristics are derived on the calculation of Reynolds number from 75.3 to 600.The numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental data when Reynolds is lower.     

高水头大流量泄洪隧洞体型优化数值模拟研究

采用VOF法和k-ε紊流模型相结合对金沙江溪洛渡水电站3#泄洪隧洞泄洪过程进行了数值模拟,针对设计体型存在的第二、第三级掺气坎的掺气空腔长度和高度偏小,龙落尾段的水流流速过高,空化数局部偏小的问题,优化了泄洪隧洞奥奇段体型,调整了掺气坎的布置,使泄洪隧道压强分布更趋均匀,空化数分布趋于平稳,从而改善了泄洪隧洞水流的空蚀空化特性。同时增大了掺气空间,加大了泄洪隧洞的掺气保护长度。     

离心泵的内部流场分析

根据离心泵叶轮通道的几何和流场特点,探讨离心泵叶轮通道的结构化网格划分中的一些处理方法,同时应用标准k-ε紊流模型对离心泵叶轮内部的三维紊流流动进行雷诺平均N-S方程的数值计算与分析.分析了离心泵叶轮旋转对流速分布、压力分布的影响,研究了离心泵叶轮通道内流动规律,得出作用于蜗壳上的径向力变化规律.     

前馈多源信息下异构动力学卡车队列协同控制系统

针对目前卡车队列动力学异构性所导致的系统弦稳定性、内部稳定性以及队列耦合性降低的问题,提出了一种异构协同自适应巡航系统控制器设计方法,建立了基于前馈多源信息的异构动力学卡车队列闭环耦合系统;考虑由异构车型所构成的卡车队列存在发动机执行器的饱和态异构问题,建立了发动机饱和性和状态约束条件;在上层协同控制器的基础上,建立了一种非线性下层异构发动机扭矩输出控制模型,用于控制车辆动力学仿真软件TruckSim中的真实车辆模型;建立了基于三维燃油特性图的车辆能耗模型,用于计算实时车辆油耗和节能性分析;通过频域分析法,结合已知异构动力学参数量化标定了协同自适应巡航系统控制器的增益,确保系统满足弦稳定条件。分析结果表明：相比同构动力学控制器,异构协同自适应巡航系统控制器可以确保距离误差在-0.01~0.15 m内,优于同构控制器作用下的-0.3~0.5 m,且当领航车进入匀速行驶状态时,跟随车辆能立刻收敛至相同的行驶状态,收敛性能优于同构协同自适应巡航控制系统;卡车队列节油率最大可达8.15%,随着车头时距减小至0.5 s,平均节油率最大可达8.10%。由此可见,多源前馈信息异构控制系统能有效降低车辆的状态误差传递,设计的前馈多源信息下异构动力学卡车队列协同控制系统能提升队列的弦稳定性,也能保证系统的燃油经济性。     

轨道刚度的影响分析及动力学优化

应用轮轨系统动力学的频域分析方法,研究了轨道刚度对轨道动力特性的影响规律.提出了轨道动力参数对轨道刚度的敏感系数的概念,依据敏感系数的特性,初步建立了轨道总刚度取值、扣件与道床刚度比值的动力学优化分析方法.作为算例,对我国高速铁路的轨道刚度进行了初步优化分析,认为轨道总刚度合理取值范围为62.0～86.9kN/mm,扣件与道床刚度的最优比值约为0.5.