遇水条件下无砟轨道扣件胶垫刚度的时变特性及其影响研究

连续强降雨条件下,轨下胶垫会出现长期泡在水中的情况。为研究该条件下无砟轨道轨下胶垫刚度的时变特性及其对轮轨系统的影响,以WJ-7A,WJ-7B型橡胶垫板为对象,通过设计室内原型试验,跟踪测试分析胶垫泡水后其刚度随服役时间的变化情况,并基于试验结果和轮轨动力学理论,分析胶垫刚度变化对轮轨动力响应的影响。研究结论:(1)WJ-7A型胶垫的遇水稳定性较差,泡水25 d后胶垫静刚度降低了22.21%,其中前5 d静刚度降低了18.83%;WJ-7B型胶垫的遇水稳定性较好,泡水25 d前后刚度变化率不超过3.91%;(2)泡水结束后,WJ-7A型胶垫的刚度恢复了88.9%,而WJ-7B型则继续表现出很好的稳定性,刚度值变化不大;(3)试验前后扣件刚度的变化引起的车体加速度、钢轨加速度、轮轨力及扣件力等响应的变化不大,但对钢轨位移影响较大,泡水后钢轨位移增幅达到13.71%。     

Parametric study of wheel transitions at railway crossings

Vehicle–track interaction at railway crossings is complex due to the discontinuity of the crossings. In this study, the effect of the local crossing geometry, the track alignment, and the wheel profiles on the wheel transition behaviour is investigated using the multi-body system software package VI-Rail. The transition behaviour is evaluated based on the location of the transition point along the crossing (and the location of impact), the contact pressure and the energy dissipation during the wheel–rail contact. A detailed parametric study of the crossing geometry has been performed, through which the most effective parameters for defining the crossing geometry are identified. These parameters are the cross-sectional shape of the nose rail, which can be tuned by one variable, and the vertical distance between the top of the wing rail and the nose rail. Additionally, a parametric study on the interaction influence of the crossing geometry, the track alignment and the wheel profile is performed using the design of experiments method with a two-level full factorial design. The longitudinal height profile of the crossing and the wheel profile are the most significant factors.     

Nonlinear optimal integrated vehicle control using individual braking torque and steering angle with on-line control allocation by using state-dependent Riccati equation technique

This paper proposes the solution of state-dependent Riccati equation as a nonlinear optimal regulator to stabilise the motion dynamics of the vehicle model subjected to sudden disturbance inputs in the lateral direction. The proposed nonlinear regulator coordinates individually actuated wheel braking torque and steering wheel angle simultaneously in an optimal manner. Performance criteria are satisfied by solving the Riccati equation based on the given cost function subjected to the nonlinear vehicle dynamics. On-line control allocation in terms of optimal brake torque distribution enhanced by optimal wheel steering angle input is achieved. Furthermore, the proposed optimal nonlinear regulator is an active fault-tolerant control system against partial by-wire actuator failures while guaranteeing stability with good performance due to its capability to allocate the individual control inputs in an optimal way. The main aim is to stabilise the motion dynamics of the vehicle model during short-term emergency situations along the desired straight trajectory manageable by average drivers and to provide vehicle stability and handling predictability through the interaction of individual wheel braking and steering actuators. Simulation results are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.     

The use of vehicle acceleration measurements to estimate road roughness

Road roughness is a broad term that incorporates everything from potholes and cracks to the random deviations that exist in a profile. To build a roughness index, road irregularities need to be measured first. Existing methods of gauging the roughness are based either on visual inspections or using one of a limited number of instrumented vehicles that can take physical measurements of the road irregularities. This paper proposes the collection of data from accelerometers fixed in a specific vehicle type and the use of this data to estimate the road condition. Although the estimate is approximate, accelerometers are being increasingly used by car manufacturers to improve suspension performance and the proposed method is relatively inexpensive to implement and provide road managers with constantly updated measurements of roughness. This approach is possible due to the relationship between the power spectral densities of road surface and vehicle accelerations via a transfer function. This paper shows how road profiles can be accurately classified using axle and body accelerations from a range of simulated vehicle–road dynamic scenarios.     

Coupler dynamic performance analysis of heavy haul locomotives

In this paper, a train dynamic model was developed to study the dynamic performance of heavy haul locomotives, taking into account the use of different coupler and buffer systems under conditions of severe longitudinal coupler compressive forces. The model consists of four locomotives each having 38 independent degrees of freedom and one dummy freight vehicle connected to each other by couplers and buffers. Simulation results showed that the longitudinal coupler compressive forces withstood by large rotation angle couplers with coupler shoulders were larger than those withstood by small rotation angle couplers. The results obtained for the large rotation angle coupler model showed that it had higher safety curve negotiation speeds. Due to the smaller static impedance, it was found that large capacity elastic clay (or cement) buffers cannot satisfy the requirement of heavy haul locomotives during cycle braking in long heavy downgraded tracks; the use of friction clay buffers can solve this problem.     

速度120km/h地铁扣件节点垂向位移的研究实测与分析

为研究120 km/h速度下地铁扣件节点垂向位移的影响因素,通过对广东某城市地铁现场测试结果与多刚体动力学仿真分析结果的对比分析,探讨行车速度及轨道不平顺对地铁扣件节点垂向位移的影响。最后对该地铁在最不利行车情况下扣件处钢轨垂向位移做出预测。研究结论:实测120 km/h速度下地铁扣件节点处钢轨垂向位移值仅比84 km/h速度下的值小5.89%,表明列车速度并非地铁扣件节点垂向位移的主要影响因素;仿真分析表明:轨道不平顺是影响钢轨垂向位移的主要因素之一,定期养护对控制钢轨垂向位移至关重要;最不利行车情况下DZ-Ⅲ型地铁扣件节点垂向位移约为2.051 mm,比试运营实测位移增长约86.27%。     

Improved calibration of simulation models in railway dynamics: application of a parameter identification process to the multi-body model of a TGV train

This paper aims at estimating the vehicle suspension parameters of a TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse) train from measurement data. A better knowledge of these parameters is required for virtual certification or condition monitoring applications. The estimation of the parameter values is performed by minimising a misfit function describing the distance between the measured and the simulated vehicle response. Due to the unsteady excitation from the real track irregularities and nonlinear effects in the vehicle behaviour, the misfit function is defined in the time domain using a least squares estimation. Then an optimisation algorithm is applied in order to find the best parameter values within the defined constraints. The complexity of the solution surface with many local minima requires the use of global optimisation methods. The results show that the model can be improved by this approach providing a response of the simulation model closer to the measurements.     

HXD2型6轴电力机车动力学模型研究

针对HXD2型6轴电力机车的动力学性能，建立了较为详细的6轴机车在弹性结构轨道上运行时的空间耦合动力学模型。对于机车子模型，假设车体、转向架和轮对均为刚体，各部分通过两系悬挂连接起来，形成一个多自由度质量-弹簧-阻尼系统，每个刚体均具有5个自由度，整个机车模型共有45个自由度。对于轨道模型，左右两股钢轨均视为连续弹性离散点支承基础上的无限长Euler梁，并考虑钢轨的垂向、横向及扭转振动；轨枕视为刚性体，并考虑轨枕的垂向、横向及转动；道床离散为刚性质量块，只考虑道床垂向振动。而对于轮轨关系模型，采用了先进的空间耦合关系模型。     

扣件支承模拟方式对车辆-轨道动力学行为的影响

针对车辆-轨道耦合动力学模型中扣件支承的模拟方式,建立了车辆-轨道动力学精细化空间实体模型,研究了扣件支承方式分别为单点支承、多点支承以及连续支承时,轮轨相互作用力、钢轨振动加速度、钢轨受力变形等动力学行为的差异。结果表明:(1)轮轨相互作用方面,扣件模拟为单点支承时轮轨垂横向力最大,连续支承时轮轨垂横向力最小,多点支承时轮轨垂横向力介于两者之间。(2)单点支承模型的钢轨和轨道板振动加速度明显大于多点支承和连续支承。(3)钢轨在单点支承条件下,由于轨底局部支承应力较大,钢轨的动弯应力和动位移均大于多点支承和连续支承情况。因此,在建立精细化的车辆-轨道动力学模型时采用多点支承形式来模拟扣件系统是较为合理的。     

Sensitivity analysis to assess the influence of the inertial properties of railway vehicle bodies on the vehicle's dynamic behaviour

A sensitivity analysis has been performed to assess the influence of the inertial properties of railway vehicles on their dynamic behaviour. To do this, 216 dynamic simulations were performed modifying, one at a time, the masses, moments of inertia and heights of the centre of gravity of the carbody, the bogie and the wheelset. Three values were assigned to each parameter, corresponding to the percentiles 10, 50 and 90 of a data set stored in a database of railway vehicles. After processing the results of these simulations, the analysed parameters were sorted by increasing influence. It was also found which of these parameters could be estimated with a lesser degree of accuracy for future simulations without appreciably affecting the simulation results. In general terms, it was concluded that the most sensitive inertial properties are the mass and the vertical moment of inertia, and the least sensitive ones the longitudinal and lateral moments of inertia.