The use of vehicle acceleration measurements to estimate road roughness

Road roughness is a broad term that incorporates everything from potholes and cracks to the random deviations that exist in a profile. To build a roughness index, road irregularities need to be measured first. Existing methods of gauging the roughness are based either on visual inspections or using one of a limited number of instrumented vehicles that can take physical measurements of the road irregularities. This paper proposes the collection of data from accelerometers fixed in a specific vehicle type and the use of this data to estimate the road condition. Although the estimate is approximate, accelerometers are being increasingly used by car manufacturers to improve suspension performance and the proposed method is relatively inexpensive to implement and provide road managers with constantly updated measurements of roughness. This approach is possible due to the relationship between the power spectral densities of road surface and vehicle accelerations via a transfer function. This paper shows how road profiles can be accurately classified using axle and body accelerations from a range of simulated vehicle–road dynamic scenarios.     

Coupler dynamic performance analysis of heavy haul locomotives

In this paper, a train dynamic model was developed to study the dynamic performance of heavy haul locomotives, taking into account the use of different coupler and buffer systems under conditions of severe longitudinal coupler compressive forces. The model consists of four locomotives each having 38 independent degrees of freedom and one dummy freight vehicle connected to each other by couplers and buffers. Simulation results showed that the longitudinal coupler compressive forces withstood by large rotation angle couplers with coupler shoulders were larger than those withstood by small rotation angle couplers. The results obtained for the large rotation angle coupler model showed that it had higher safety curve negotiation speeds. Due to the smaller static impedance, it was found that large capacity elastic clay (or cement) buffers cannot satisfy the requirement of heavy haul locomotives during cycle braking in long heavy downgraded tracks; the use of friction clay buffers can solve this problem.     

速度120km/h地铁扣件节点垂向位移的研究实测与分析

为研究120 km/h速度下地铁扣件节点垂向位移的影响因素,通过对广东某城市地铁现场测试结果与多刚体动力学仿真分析结果的对比分析,探讨行车速度及轨道不平顺对地铁扣件节点垂向位移的影响。最后对该地铁在最不利行车情况下扣件处钢轨垂向位移做出预测。研究结论:实测120 km/h速度下地铁扣件节点处钢轨垂向位移值仅比84 km/h速度下的值小5.89%,表明列车速度并非地铁扣件节点垂向位移的主要影响因素;仿真分析表明:轨道不平顺是影响钢轨垂向位移的主要因素之一,定期养护对控制钢轨垂向位移至关重要;最不利行车情况下DZ-Ⅲ型地铁扣件节点垂向位移约为2.051 mm,比试运营实测位移增长约86.27%。     

Improved calibration of simulation models in railway dynamics: application of a parameter identification process to the multi-body model of a TGV train

This paper aims at estimating the vehicle suspension parameters of a TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse) train from measurement data. A better knowledge of these parameters is required for virtual certification or condition monitoring applications. The estimation of the parameter values is performed by minimising a misfit function describing the distance between the measured and the simulated vehicle response. Due to the unsteady excitation from the real track irregularities and nonlinear effects in the vehicle behaviour, the misfit function is defined in the time domain using a least squares estimation. Then an optimisation algorithm is applied in order to find the best parameter values within the defined constraints. The complexity of the solution surface with many local minima requires the use of global optimisation methods. The results show that the model can be improved by this approach providing a response of the simulation model closer to the measurements.     

HXD2型6轴电力机车动力学模型研究

针对HXD2型6轴电力机车的动力学性能，建立了较为详细的6轴机车在弹性结构轨道上运行时的空间耦合动力学模型。对于机车子模型，假设车体、转向架和轮对均为刚体，各部分通过两系悬挂连接起来，形成一个多自由度质量-弹簧-阻尼系统，每个刚体均具有5个自由度，整个机车模型共有45个自由度。对于轨道模型，左右两股钢轨均视为连续弹性离散点支承基础上的无限长Euler梁，并考虑钢轨的垂向、横向及扭转振动；轨枕视为刚性体，并考虑轨枕的垂向、横向及转动；道床离散为刚性质量块，只考虑道床垂向振动。而对于轮轨关系模型，采用了先进的空间耦合关系模型。     

扣件支承模拟方式对车辆-轨道动力学行为的影响

针对车辆-轨道耦合动力学模型中扣件支承的模拟方式,建立了车辆-轨道动力学精细化空间实体模型,研究了扣件支承方式分别为单点支承、多点支承以及连续支承时,轮轨相互作用力、钢轨振动加速度、钢轨受力变形等动力学行为的差异。结果表明:(1)轮轨相互作用方面,扣件模拟为单点支承时轮轨垂横向力最大,连续支承时轮轨垂横向力最小,多点支承时轮轨垂横向力介于两者之间。(2)单点支承模型的钢轨和轨道板振动加速度明显大于多点支承和连续支承。(3)钢轨在单点支承条件下,由于轨底局部支承应力较大,钢轨的动弯应力和动位移均大于多点支承和连续支承情况。因此,在建立精细化的车辆-轨道动力学模型时采用多点支承形式来模拟扣件系统是较为合理的。     

Sensitivity analysis to assess the influence of the inertial properties of railway vehicle bodies on the vehicle's dynamic behaviour

A sensitivity analysis has been performed to assess the influence of the inertial properties of railway vehicles on their dynamic behaviour. To do this, 216 dynamic simulations were performed modifying, one at a time, the masses, moments of inertia and heights of the centre of gravity of the carbody, the bogie and the wheelset. Three values were assigned to each parameter, corresponding to the percentiles 10, 50 and 90 of a data set stored in a database of railway vehicles. After processing the results of these simulations, the analysed parameters were sorted by increasing influence. It was also found which of these parameters could be estimated with a lesser degree of accuracy for future simulations without appreciably affecting the simulation results. In general terms, it was concluded that the most sensitive inertial properties are the mass and the vertical moment of inertia, and the least sensitive ones the longitudinal and lateral moments of inertia.     

长大列车动力学建模的一种新方法

提出了一种全新的列车动力学建模方法,即基于循环变量的模块化建模方法。该方法彻底解决了长大列车的建模难题,为深入研究列车系统的各类动力学问题打下了良好的基础。     

Longitudinal force distribution using quadratically constrained linear programming

In this paper, a new method is presented for the optimisation of force distribution for combined traction/braking and cornering. In order to provide a general, simple and flexible problem formulation, the optimisation is addressed as a quadratically constrained linear programming (QCLP) problem. Apart from fast numerical solutions, different driveline configurations can be included in the QCLP problem in a very straightforward fashion. The optimisation of the distribution of the individual wheel forces using the quasi-steady-state assumption is known to be useful for the study of the influence of particular driveline configurations on the combined lateral and longitudinal grip envelope of a particular vehicle–driveline configuration. The addition of the QCLP problem formulation makes another powerful tool available to the vehicle dynamics analyst to perform such studies.     

空调硬卧车内人体热舒适性研究

针对目前空调硬卧车内气流分布不均匀,不同铺位的乘客对车厢内的热舒适感差别较大这一现状,采用计算流体动力学对空调硬卧车内流场和温度场进行了数值模拟,研究了空调硬卧车内空气流动速度和温度分布规律及热舒适评价指标PMV和人体吹风感指标PD分布状况。研究结果对于改变目前车厢内上、中、下铺气流分布不均的现状,改善车厢内人体热舒适环境提供了理论依据。