基于CFD方法的6500 TEU集装箱船舵空泡腐蚀数值模拟研究

  目的  为深入研究舵空化时的精细流场及其非定常水动力性能的相关规律,  方法  针对某型船的桨、舵模型进行建模,采用结构化网格、SST k-ω湍流模型和流体体积（VOF）方法对舵空泡进行计算。针对舵空泡问题进行实船观测试验,将舵空泡的计算结果与实船舵空泡的观测结果进行对比,验证数值方法的可靠性。对舵空泡的周期性变化进行探讨和分析,并基于空化和非空化2种状态对3种舵角下的舵空泡进行计算。  结果  结果显示,当空化范围较小时,空化对舵力时均值的影响较小,随着空化范围的增加,空化对舵力时均值的影响明显变大,尤其是舵效显著降低;一旦发生空化,舵非定常力的脉动幅值将大幅增加,且空化范围越大,舵非定常力的脉动幅值越大。  结论  研究结果可为评估空化发生后舵的水动力性能及舵的优化设计提供技术支撑。     

数据驱动跟驰模型综述

车辆跟驰模型是被交通科学与交通工程领域广泛认可的微观交通流模型,是交通流理论 的基础。近年来,信息感知与获取、大数据、人工智能等技术快速发展,推动了数据驱动跟驰模型 的快速发展。数据驱动跟驰模型,是以真实的车辆行驶数据为基础,利用数据科学与机器学习等 理论和方法,通过样本数据的训练、学习、迭代、进化,挖掘车辆跟驰行为的内在规律。本文系统 回顾了数据驱动跟驰模型在过去20余年的发展历程以及由神经网络和深度学习带动的两次研究 热潮,归纳了基于传统机器学习理论的跟驰模型、基于深度学习的跟驰模型、模型与数据混合驱 动的跟驰模型3类数据驱动跟驰模型,并分别介绍了其中的典型代表。分析数据源发现,尽管各 种高精度轨迹数据不断涌现,目前研究仍多使用美国于2006年发布的Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM)高精度车辆轨迹数据,模型的可移植性和泛化能力值得思考与研究。提出关于模型输 入、输出的3个问题：如何考虑更多驾驶行为变量,是否有必要考虑更多行为变量,现有输入、输出 是否可替换。在模型测试与验证方面,发现并讨论了目前测试不充分、对比不完整、缺少统一测 试集与测试标准等问题。最后,探讨了数据驱动跟驰模型原创性与成功的关键因素等问题。期 望通过本文的梳理,帮助研究者更好地了解数据驱动跟驰模型的过去与现状,促进相关研究的快 速发展。     

Path flow estimator for planning applications in small communities

This paper presents an alternative planning framework to model and forecast network traffic for planning applications in small communities, where limited resources debilitate the development and applications of the conventional four-step travel demand forecasting model. The core idea is to use the Path Flow Estimator (PFE) to estimate current and forecast future traffic demand while taking into account of various field and planning data as modeling constraints. Specifically, two versions of PFE are developed: a base year PFE for estimating the current network traffic conditions using field data and planning data, if available, and a future year PFE for predicting future network traffic conditions using forecast planning data and the estimated base year origin–destination trip table as constraints. In the absence of travel survey data, the proposed method uses similar data (traffic counts and land use data) as a four-step model for model development and calibration. Since the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) trip generation rates and Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) are both utilized in the modeling process, the analysis scope and results are consistent with those of common traffic impact studies and other short-range, localized transportation improvement programs. Solution algorithms are also developed to solve the two PFE models and integrated into a GIS-based software called Visual PFE. For proof of concept, two case studies in northern California are performed to demonstrate how the tool can be used in practice. The first case study is a small community of St. Helena, where the city’s planning department has neither an existing travel demand model nor the budget for developing a full four-step model. The second case study is in the city of Eureka, where there is a four-step model developed for the Humboldt County that can be used for comparison. The results show that the proposed approach is applicable for small communities with limited resources.     

A theoretical foundation for the relationship between generalized origin–destination matrix and flow matrix based on ordinal graph trajectories

This paper shows the relationship between flow, generalized origin–destination (OD), and alternative route flow from a set of ordinal graph trajectories. In contrast to traffic assignment methods that employ OD matrix to produce flow matrix, we use ordinal trajectory on a network graph as input and produce both the generalized OD matrix and the flow matrix, with the alternative and substitute route flow matrices as additional outputs. By using linear algebra‐like operations on matrix sets, the relationship between network utilization (in terms of flow, generalized OD, alternative route flow, and desire line) and network structure (in terms of distance matrix and adjacency matrix) are derived. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluating the effects of bus design on passenger flow: Is agent-based simulation a feasible approach?

In this paper, we propose an agent-based simulation approach that is capable of simulating the flow of passengers on board buses and at bus stops. The intention is that it will be applied during vehicle development to analyze how vehicle design affects passenger flow, and thus also how it affects system performance such as dwell time. In turn, this could aid the developers in making design decisions early in the development process. Besides introducing the simulation tool itself, the paper explores the realism of the data generated by the tool. A number of passenger flow experiments featuring a full-scale bus mockup and 50 participants were carried out. The setup of these experiments mirrored a number of ‘bus journeys’ (regarding vehicle design, number of passengers boarding/alighting at each stop and so on) that had previously been simulated using the simulation tool. When the data from the simulations were compared with the data from the passenger flow experiments, it could be concluded that the tool is indeed able to generate realistic passenger flows, although with some errors when a large number of passengers board/alight. The simulated dwell times were rationally affected by the tested bus layout aspects. It was concluded that the tool makes it possible to evaluate how variations in bus layouts affect passenger flow, providing data of sufficiently high quality to be useful in early phases of vehicle design.     

Measuring community reaction to urban transportation impacts using Von Neumann‐Morgenstern utility theory

This paper attempts to measure the impacts of urban transportation system improvements or changes on the community. The community's perceptions of the impacts are represented by its utilities (or disutilities) over various ranges of values of the multiple attributes representing these impacts. The utility technique used in the evaluation is based upon von Neumann‐Morgenstern (vN‐M, 1947) Utility Theory, and is applied using Raiffa's (1970) Fractile Method.

The paper specifically applies the technique to model the perceptions of five subgroups within a community to the impact of a new light rail transit system that is being incorporated in the transportation system of the City of Calgary.

Results of the modeling indicate explicitly how the community changes its perception over ranges of values of the attributes evaluated. Biases of various subgroups within the community over these attributes are also shown. Statistical tests indicate that aggregated utility perceptions can represent the utility perceptions of the individual subgroups quite reasonably.     

Efficient missing data imputing for traffic flow by considering temporal and spatial dependence

The missing data problem remains as a difficulty in a diverse variety of transportation applications, e.g. traffic flow prediction and traffic pattern recognition. To solve this problem, numerous algorithms had been proposed in the last decade to impute the missed data. However, few existing studies had fully used the traffic flow information of neighboring detecting points to improve imputing performance. In this paper, probabilistic principle component analysis (PPCA) based imputing method, which had been proven to be one of the most effective imputing methods without using temporal or spatial dependence, is extended to utilize the information of multiple points. We systematically examine the potential benefits of multi-point data fusion and study the possible influence of measurement time lags. Tests indicate that the hidden temporal–spatial dependence is nonlinear and could be better retrieved by kernel probabilistic principle component analysis (KPPCA) based method rather than PPCA method. Comparison proves that imputing errors can be notably reduced, if temporal–spatial dependence has been appropriately considered.     

基于水流牵引力的河道岸坡稳定性分析*

基于极限平衡理论,结合水平条分法,将Bishop法的竖直条间力关系转换到水平土条上,推导出水流牵引力作用下均质岸坡稳定安全系数的理论计算公式,将其结果与ABAQUS有限元软件的强度折减法模拟的计算结果进行对比分析。结合工程实际,分析水流牵引力对不同坡比河流岸坡的稳定性影响规律。结果表明,理论计算公式与软件模拟的结果基本吻合,误差不超过2.1%。河流中水流牵引力会增大岸坡土体的下滑力矩,降低河流岸坡土体稳定安全系数;当岸坡土体遭受降雨、坡脚土体劣化作用等多因素作用下而处于临界稳定状态时,水流牵引力可能成为滑坡启动的关键因素;在河流岸坡失稳滑动时,水流牵引力将导致滑体向河道方向滑移更远距离,加重滑坡对河流航道安全的危害;坡度越陡,岸坡稳定安全系数受水流牵引力的影响越大。在进行高陡河流岸坡稳定性分析时,水流牵引力是与强降雨、泥石流等因素同样重要且不可忽视的导致岸坡灾变失稳的外部荷载作用。     

液力变矩器反求设计与内流场数值计算

采用反求设计方法建立了液力变矩器三维模型.建立了液力变矩器涡轮内流场物理数学模型,利用Fluent软件进行了相应的数值计算.分析了涡轮流道内流体速度、压力及压力损失情况,阐述了流场形成机理,为液力变矩器优化设计提供了理论依据.     

非均衡网络交通流动态演化规律研究

为描述非均衡网络交通流实际成本-流量状态,考虑置存成本和路段行程时间,建立行程时间动态函数,将其引入用户均衡模型,构建基于出行总成本动态、路径流量动态、路段行程时间动态的交通流演化模型。利用简单网络,采用四阶龙格库塔方法对建立的模型进行数值模拟。动态模型弹性需求下,出行成本调整范围由大到小,趋于平衡值;路径流量迅速增加后,以较小调整范围,趋于平衡值;路段行程时间迅速增加后,逐步趋向于平衡值。固定需求下的出行成本、路径流量、路段行程时间均是反复调整多次后趋近于平衡值,调整范围缩小,次数增加。算例模拟结果表明,模型能够描述网络交通流从一种非均衡状态到另一种非均衡状态的动态调整过程。