柴油公交车燃用不同替代燃料的排放特性

采用OBS-2200车载排放检测系统,分析了柴油公交车实际道路工况的气态排放特性.使用的燃料分别为纯柴油、天然气制油(GTL)与生物柴油,道路工况主要包括市区主干道、次干道和快速路.分析结果表明:公交车燃用各类燃料的CO、HC、NOx和CO2的道路瞬时质量排放率均与瞬态车速变化有良好的跟随特性.公交车燃用各种替代燃料的气态污染物质量排放率随车速增加总体呈上升趋势,其中HC和CO2的质量排放率随车速增大,基本呈线性增加趋势,CO和NOx的质量排放率在中低车速区域随车速上升呈现增加趋势,而在高车速区域有所降低.与主干道、次干道相比,公交车在快速路上燃用各种燃料的气态污染物的排放因子都是最低的.与纯柴油相比,不论是质量排放率还是排放因子,生物柴油和GTL柴油的CO和HC排放都有所下降,且生物柴油的降幅更大一些.从全路况范围来看,纯生物柴油的CO和HC排放最低,纯生物柴油的NOx排放要高于柴油.全路况下,纯天然气制油、体积比为20％天然气制油、体积比为20％生物柴油的CO2排放要低于纯柴油,但纯生物柴油的CO2排放要高一些.     

单交叉口公交信号优先控制策略建模研究

为研究公交信号优先策略对交叉口公交车及社会车辆的影响,建立公交信号优先控制模型及延误模型,以采取公交优先方式后交叉口所有车辆的人总延误减小为控制目标,引入效益指数PI,以信号交叉口优先相位获得的效益与非优先相位损失效益的差值来衡量整体效益,使得每一次采取的公交优先策略都能提高信号交叉口的整体效益。结果表明:在信号交叉口采取信号优先控制策略后,交叉口车辆的人总延误显著降低。本研究成果对其他信号优先控制方式模型、交叉口群公交优先协调控制等具有一定的参考价值和理论意义。     

基于人均延误的公交优先信号交叉口配时研究

以交叉口人均延误最小为目标,考虑公交专用道影响因素,利用延误偏差优度指数建立信号配时优化模型。结合实例,实现定时控制交叉口参数确定过程,并得到参数与延误偏差优度指数的关系。该配时方案能有效减少人均延误,为进一步发展公交优先及提高交叉口通行能力提供理论依据。     

基于CAN总线的船舶声纳数据采集系统分析

声纳上传的数据需要高速的具有合适采集频率的数据采集系统才能够实现对船舶声纳数据的提取和分析,文章设计了基于CAN总线的声纳数据采集系统,完整的给出了数据采集系统的总体结构和采集节点的硬件构成,在此基础上重点分析了数据采集系统采样频率和CAN总线接口电路的设计,对于船舶声纳数据采集系统的研究具有一定的借鉴意义。     

一条专用车道双向运营BRT/轻轨的可行性

为有效满足BRT或轻轨系统的运行需求,提出在带有固定左转车道的繁忙通勤走廊中央设置一条BRT或轻轨专用车道用于双向运营的概念。由此产生了车辆相交问题,其相交空间设置于由左转车道产生的未利用或未被充分利用的道路中央隔离带。提供了公交车站和相交空间的概念设计可选方案和几何布局示意图,并考虑运行速度、发车间隔、相邻相交空间的距离及相交空间数量等条件,分析系统性能。为确保具有实用性,研究了系统在现有交通走廊上的可实施性。由于该系统具有利于TOD发展的潜力,也可作为未来发展两条专用车道系统的中间步骤。     

基于CAN总线机舱智能监控仪表的设计

针对船舶机舱温度变化大、振动强度高和控制系统复杂等特点,提出了一种基于CAN总线的机舱智能监控仪表,对机舱设备参数进行实时采集、处理和控制.该智能监控仪表主要由SJA1000和AT89S51芯片构成,其硬件电路、软件设计和智能算法在文中做了详细说明.实验表明:该智能监控仪表能较好地监控设备的运行状态,提供准确、可靠、实时的信息.     

无人水下航行器实时系统设计

针对集中式体系结构已不能满足无人水下航行器(UUV)越来越复杂的水下任务,设计并实现了UUV实时系统,该实时系统以分布式结构为基础,在硬件上采用CAN总线技术,减少了通信时间,提高了实时性,简化了系统,并提供了良好的扩展性;在软件设计上采用μC/OS实时操作系统,方便地实现了逻辑复杂的程序,并进一步满足了系统的实时性.仿真和实时性测试试验结果表明,该系统软、硬件设计满足程序运算、数据存储和实时性的要求,并具有较高的可靠性.     

Planning guidelines for metro–bus interchanges by means of a pedestrian microsimulation model

The big paradigm for cities nowadays is to study the movement of pedestrians at the interface between metro and bus systems – metro–bus interchanges. When these interchanges are not well designed, walking is inefficient and can be unsafe for pedestrians. This paper analyses, by means of a pedestrian microsimulation model, metro–bus interchange spaces in order to propose planning guidelines for the city of Santiago de Chile. Specific objectives are (1) to identify the variables that provide efficiency and safety in those spaces; (2) to simulate different scenarios using the pedestrian simulation model LEGION; (3) to propose planning and design guidelines for pedestrian spaces at metro–bus interchanges; and (4) to contrast the recommendations in the recently opened terminal station on Line 1 of Metro de Santiago: Los Dominicos Station.     

Understanding the impacts of a combination of service improvement strategies on bus running time and passenger’s perception

Transit agencies implement many strategies in order to provide an attractive transportation service. This article aims to evaluate the impacts of implementing a combination of strategies, designed to improve the bus transit service, on running time and passenger satisfaction. These strategies include using smart card fare collection, introducing limited-stop bus service, implementing reserved bus lanes, using articulated buses, and implementing transit signal priority (TSP). This study uses stop-level data collected from the Société de transport de Montréal (STM)’s automatic vehicle location (AVL) and automatic passenger count (APC) systems, in Montréal, Canada. The combination of these strategies has lead to a 10.5% decline in running time along the limited stop service compared to the regular service. The regular route running time has increased by 1% on average compared to the initial time period. The study also shows that riders are generally satisfied with the service improvements. They tend to overestimate the savings associated with the implementation of this combination of strategies by 3.5-6.0 min and by 2.5-4.1 min for both the regular route and the limited stop service, respectively. This study helps transit planners and policy makers to better understand the effects of implementing a combination of strategies to improve running time and passenger’s perception of these changes in service.     

发电机组并联运行有功、无功综合调控技术

介绍了发电机组的转速、电压控制原理以及有功、无功综合调控技术的控制原理;并通过实例介绍了采用该控制技术的船舶电站监控系统。实践表明,融合有功、无功综合调控技术的电站监控系统在投入运行后,实现了任意组态下,并联机组有功、无功功率稳定的自动调整,使得多个电站机组长期并联运行更加可靠。