Marginal costs of freeway traffic congestion with on-road pollution exposure externality

The health cost of on-road air pollution exposure is a component of traffic marginal costs that has not previously been assessed. The main objective of this paper is to introduce on-road pollution exposure as an externality of traffic, particularly important during traffic congestion when on-road pollution exposure is highest. Marginal private and external cost equations are developed that include on-road pollution exposure in addition to time, fuel, and pollution emissions components. The marginal external cost of on-road exposure includes terms for the marginal vehicle’s emissions, the increased emissions from all vehicles caused by additional congestion from the marginal vehicle, and the additional exposure duration for all travelers caused by additional congestion from the marginal vehicle. A sensitivity analysis shows that on-road pollution exposure can be a large portion (18%) of marginal social costs of traffic flow near freeway capacity, ranging from 4% to 38% with different exposure parameters. In an optimal pricing scenario, excluding the on-road exposure externality can lead to 6% residual welfare loss because of sub-optimal tolls. While regional pollution generates greater costs in uncongested conditions, on-road exposure comes to dominate health costs on congested freeways because of increased duration and intensity of exposure. The estimated marginal cost and benefit curves indicate a theoretical preference for price controls to address the externality problem. The inclusion of on-road exposure costs reduces the magnitudes of projects required to cover implementation costs for intelligent transportation system (ITS) improvements; the net benefits of road-pricing ITS systems are increased more than the net benefits of ITS traffic flow improvements. When considering distinct vehicle classes, inclusion of on-road exposure costs greatly increases heavy-duty vehicle marginal costs because of their higher emissions rates and greater roadway capacity utilization. Lastly, there are large uncertainties associated with the parameters utilized in the estimation of health outcomes that are a function of travel pollution intensity and duration. More research is needed to develop on-road exposure modeling tools that link repeated short-duration exposure and health outcomes.     

杭州市交通状况及车联网市场前景的调研与分析

作为物联网在交通领域的应用,车联网可有效缓解当前的城市交通问题.为更好地把握车联网的市场前景,2012年底在杭州市开展了一次大规模随机抽样调查活动,在汽车4S店、二手车市场、高校、政府机关和企业内随机发放问卷共800份.根据对问卷结果的统计分析,绝大部分驾驶员对杭城交通状况十分不满意,造成交通问题的主因是车辆增长过快,大多数驾驶员对车联网应用及相关产品十分感兴趣,并愿意为之支付一定费用.由此可以推断车联网市场前景非常广阔.     

高填方路堤强夯试验与数值模拟研究

在现场进行单点夯击试验,然后,通过数值模拟进行研究。得出:4种夯击能量在5.5 m的深度处的下沉位移均达到5.0~7.0 cm;但是在深度超过6.0 m之后产生的沉降量几乎相等,各点的地表隆起量只在夯锤边缘2.0 m内有影响,超过这个距离,夯击对土体的隆起量的影响甚微。数值分析和现场试验所揭示的土体应力应变规律相同且数值相近;对于直径为2 m的夯锤,土体在1200 kN.m夯击能作用下的有效影响深度为4~6 m,锤间距(中心距)不宜大于3.5 m。上述试验和数值模拟成果可为同类条件下路基强夯加固施工提供参考。     

钻井液添加剂抑制天然气水合物形成的实验研究

抑制或防止气体水合物的生成一直是油气生产和运输部门关注的问题。针对上述问题，利用自行设计的实验设备，开展了多种钻井液处理剂对天然气水合物形成影响的实验研究；通过对实验数据分析得到了各实验组分的过冷度，并得出结论：在钻井过程中添加一定剂量的有机聚合物类处理剂可以抑制水合物生成，在实验条件下，抑制能力从强到弱分别为：PF-THTN、PAM、LV-CMC、XY-28、SD-102。     

高等级公路路面平整度的保证措施

为了保证高等级公路路面平整度指标,应合理选用机械设备,加强现场施工管理,精心安装伸缩缝,以满足公路的使用品质。     

高速公路小净距隧道施工方法探讨

小净距隧道是双洞隧道净距介于连拱隧道与规范要求上下行分离式隧道最小净距之间的一种特殊隧道结构形式。由于隧道净距小,施工时双洞相互影响较大,对隧道围岩特别是中夹岩岩体稳定性有很大的影响。因此,探讨安全、合理、经济的高速公路小净距隧道施工方法十分必要。本文结合净距4.0 m、埋深30.0 m的Ⅰ类同岩段高速公路小净距隧道工程实践,通过三维弹塑性有限元数值仿真模拟,分析双洞侧壁导坑法、侧壁导坑与上下台阶组合法及双洞上下台阶法三种施工方法施工时隧道围岩破坏接近度、围岩变形位移特征,探讨其优劣和适应性,为高速公路小净距隧道设计、施工提供科学依据。     

高速公路交通管理系统用户满意度测评方法研究

高速公路交通管理系统用户满意度的测评研究对交通运输项目社会经济影响评价具有重要意义。利用计量经济学方法建立了基于交通运输信息的高速公路交通管理系统用户满意度指数模型,并对测评方法进行了研究。该方法为交通运输部门实时了解本系统运营质量水平提供了有效的参考依据。     

Using the revenues from congestion pricing

The economic theory behind congestion pricing relies on using the revenues to help compensate highway users. But can practical methods of using revenues come close to achieving this compensation, and still have salient appeal to important political groups? This paper investigates the possibilities for designing a package of revenue uses that can achieve these twin goals. The suggested approach returns two-thirds of the revenues to travelers through travel allowances and tax reductions, and uses the rest to improve transportation throughout the area, including affected business centers. By replacing regressive sales and fuel taxes, this approach offsets the tendency of the prices alone to have a regressive distributional impact. By lowering taxes, funding new highways, improving transit, and upgrading business centers, the package provides inducements for support from several key interest groups. The potential amounts of money involved are discussed using nationwide data, and in more detail using a case study of ubiquitous facility pricing throughout the Los Angeles region. Illustrative calculations of the effects on various individuals confirm that such a package can create net benefits for a wide spectrum of people and interest groups.     

列车纵向冲击的检测与分析

针对列车纵向冲击问题,提出了信号采集与处理方案,设计了一套随车采集和分析系统。文中介绍了系统组成、工作原理及运行过程,初步建立了纵向冲击与旅客乘坐舒适度之间的数学模型,并运用该模型进行了实际演算,取得了预期的效果。     

环氧沥青混凝土性能灰关联分析

通过对不同试验条件的控制,以马歇尔稳定度为基本评价指标,对环氧沥青混凝土性能影响因素进行灰关联分析。本次试验主要涉及的条件因素为环氧含量、油石比、空隙率、拌和保温温度、拌和保温时间。采用灰关联的分析方法,得到不同因素对环氧沥青混凝土的马歇尔稳定度的影响程度结果为环氧含量>油石比>拌和保温温度>拌和保温时间>空隙率,从而为环氧沥青混凝土的设计施工提供指导。