拥挤收费下基于前景理论的出行者路径选择行为分析

出行者（特指私家车出行者）路径选择行为的研究对于城市的交通管理和交通组织都有着重要的意义,而且随着交通出行费用的不断增加,以及道路拥挤收费政策逐步实施,仅仅考虑距离最短、时间最短来对出行者路径选择行为模型进行研究,往往实用性欠佳。针对以往的研究中考虑因素单一、模型实用性不强这一问题,运用能有效描述出行者不确定性条件下决策行为的前景理论,综合考虑出行者的出行时间、出行费用以及出行者的个人偏好、出行经验等因素,建立一个更为贴合实际的出行者路径选择行为模型。以实际算例的形式对比分析了,不同收费标准对不同出行者人群、不同性质出行的路径选择行为的影响程度。结果表明：与拥挤收费政策实施前相比,收费3元时,高收入水平出行者购物出行时的路径发生变化,而对于通勤出行,当收费大于6元时出行路径才发生变化;对于中低收入水平出行者来说,因为其较高收入者对费用更为敏感,所以拥挤收费政策实施后他们的反应也不尽相同。     

北京市高峰勤务机制实施效果分析

以北京市交通管理实践为基础,以海量数据分析为依据,系统总结了高峰勤务的保障手段,对其运行效果进行了客观评估,深刻剖析其制约因素,并就如何破解存在的困难提出了意见以期为相关工作提供参考。     

动态聚类的城市道路交通状态判别分析

运用遗传算法确定最佳道路交通状态划分类型数,在此基础上引入模糊C均值聚类方法对道路交通状态进行了评价研究,分析得出了不同交通状态下的阈值。应用结果表明,该方法可实现对道路交通状态的评价,并能反映道路交通状态的变化。     

新形势下西安市交通问题及治理路径探析

西安市已经连续多年入选全国十大最拥堵城市,交通拥堵问题已经成为阻碍西安长远发展的顽疾,2020年初以来,西安市的交通问题有进一步恶化态势,为了缓解这座城市的交通压力,保障城市竞争力,本文针对当前西安市交通亚健康程度严重、停车位严重短缺、交通通勤时耗过长等问题,剖析了原因,并给出了相应的对策建议.     

基于道路交通拥堵问题的综合治理方法研究——以包头市青山区为例

随着交通拥堵在全国范围内的快速扩展,引起交通拥堵的因素错综复杂,涉及规划与管理层面.本文基于复杂的交通拥堵问题,以包头市青山区为例,从完善道路基础设施、增强科技管理手段、优化交通方式组织、提升信号控制手段四个方面提出缓解城市交通拥堵的治理方法.     

Demand management in suburban settings

This paper provides findings from a review of employer based demand management strategies for reducing traffic congestion in several areas of the United States. The research was carried out by K.T. Analytics, Inc. in 1989 under a contract with the Federal Department of Transportation, Transportation Systems Center. Relying on a review of employer based programs in 26 sites, as well as selected literature, the paper draws conclusions about the effectiveness of employer based transportation systems management (programs to encourage carpooling, transit, biking, cycling, walking and flextime) and parking management (preferential parking for carpoolers, removal of parking subsidies, and other measures) aimed at reducing solo driving and peak period commuting.Several conclusions are offered for local planners and policy makers. Demand Management programs can be effective in reducing traffic congestion, provided they are targeted to larger employment centers, accompanied by transit development, high occupancy vehicle incentives and parking management strategies, especially pricing. Flextime should not be encouraged without careful evaluation as it may discourage ridesharing. Guaranteed ride home services appear promising and deserve attention. With all strategies, long term vigilance will be necessary as programs are susceptible to change over time. Stringent public policies do not appear necessary for development of effective programs. Ordinances should require plans not specific strategies, as it is difficult estimating the probable effectiveness of particular strategies. Ordinances should contain sanctions for employers not carrying out agreed to plans, and should include fees and financing to support public sector review of plans and on-going monitoring.     

Suburban congestion: Recommendations for transportation and land use responses

Transportation congestion is reaching intolerable levels in many urban and suburban areas in the US. Reliance upon traditional responses, such as transit and new highway capacity, is not working — especially in suburban areas. Although methods for dealing with suburban congestion are often different, there are a number of common features that must be considered in developing short term as well as more permanent and long lasting solutions. In proposing short term solutions, a Menu of Actions is described. It includes transportation actions (the traditional transit and transportation management options) where there are opportunities for getting more out of the existing systems; land use/growth management actions which will result in more rational land use-transportation interactions; financial incentives, to encourage or discourage appropriate actions; more comprehensive and systematic land use and transportation planning; and the organizational and institutional actions required to implement rational solutions.While the Manu of Actions provides a broad array of possible actions to provide relief in the short run, over time the growth in traffic is likely to outpace their effectiveness. Consequently, longer term and often more difficult solutions must be considered and implemented as appropriate. They could include changes in land use development and land use management policies; changes in lifestyle and business practices; improvements through technological innovation; changes in the traditional ways of providing transportation services; and greatly expanded research and development.     

智能交通国际发展概况和国内优先考虑的课题

综述智能交通系统10年来在国际上的发展状况,讨论了我国研究开发智能交通系统的优先链。指出：在宏观上,我国应首先制定发展智能交通系统的战略规划以及相应的技术标准体系,以保证智能交通系统的兼容性、扩展性和互联性。并建议在我国及早成立智能交通协调机构,认为在我国优先发展的智能交通项目应首先考虑解决城市交通堵塞问题。     

关于博弈论与交通政策的探讨

针对我国城市交通紧张的现状,通过建立博弈模型,从经济学的角度指出交通拥堵的实质是“公共地问题”,探讨政府依靠政策缓解交通拥堵的本质,并在此基础上提出解决城市交通拥堵问题的措施.     

Impacts of commuting efficiency on congestion and emissions: case of the Hamilton CMA, Canada

This study uses IMULATE (Integrated Model of Urban LAnd use, Transportation, energy and Emissions) to examine the impacts of commuting efficiency on congestion and automobile emissions—specifically, non-methane hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides—in the Hamilton Census Metropolitan Area. Estimates of these externalities are compared for two commuting scenarios: a base scenario of estimated commuting flows for 1991 and an optimal scenario in which the mean commuting time for all workers is minimized. The findings indicate that significant reductions in congestion and automobile emissions are possible by advocating policies that encourage greater commuting efficiency in the locational choices of workers. The analysis of jobs–housing balance as one such means suggests that a considerable proportion of commuting cannot be explained by geographical imbalances in the distributions of jobs and housing, and that workers consider many factors besides commuting costs in their locational choices. It is concluded that policies promoting jobs–housing balance as the principal strategy for facilitating more efficient commuting may not meet the expectations of policy-makers.