基于进化博弈的城市中心区交通拥堵收费分析

交通拥堵收费是解决道路拥堵问题的有效措施。假设使用小汽车到达拥挤收费区域边界的出行者可通过2种方式到达拥挤收费中心区：小汽车直达及停车换乘公共交通（P＆R）。对于出行者甲（对小汽车出行需求偏刚性）、乙（对小汽车出行需求偏弹性）,采用进化博弈的方法,建立效益矩阵,分析在不同政府定价条件下两者出行方式选择行为的演化模型。结果表明,政府交通拥堵收费对出行者出行方式选择行为的演化起着重要作用,不同的定价区间会使得出行方式向不同的稳定状态演变。分析各种定价区间下出行者出行方式选择行为。     

Evaluation of the effectiveness of accident information on freeway changeable message signs: A comparison of empirical methodologies

In this paper, we study the effectiveness of accident messages that are displayed on freeway changeable message signs (CMS). Motivated by the lack of empirical studies and the mixed results reported in the limited empirical studies, this paper focuses on the comparison of different aggregate analysis methodologies and their corresponding results, using the same empirical data set. We have two major findings. First, we find that the CMS accident messages do not seem to have any significant immediate effect on driver diversion based on our empirical data. Visible congestion, on the other hand, seems to be an important factor for driver diversion. Second, we show how the conclusion could have been if wrong methodologies were to be adopted. Methods that rely on correlation alone but not the timing of events (what we call correlation method) yield high correlation between CMS accident messages and driver diversion, which is typically and incorrectly interpreted as CMS accident messages being effective.     

Marginal costs of freeway traffic congestion with on-road pollution exposure externality

The health cost of on-road air pollution exposure is a component of traffic marginal costs that has not previously been assessed. The main objective of this paper is to introduce on-road pollution exposure as an externality of traffic, particularly important during traffic congestion when on-road pollution exposure is highest. Marginal private and external cost equations are developed that include on-road pollution exposure in addition to time, fuel, and pollution emissions components. The marginal external cost of on-road exposure includes terms for the marginal vehicle’s emissions, the increased emissions from all vehicles caused by additional congestion from the marginal vehicle, and the additional exposure duration for all travelers caused by additional congestion from the marginal vehicle. A sensitivity analysis shows that on-road pollution exposure can be a large portion (18%) of marginal social costs of traffic flow near freeway capacity, ranging from 4% to 38% with different exposure parameters. In an optimal pricing scenario, excluding the on-road exposure externality can lead to 6% residual welfare loss because of sub-optimal tolls. While regional pollution generates greater costs in uncongested conditions, on-road exposure comes to dominate health costs on congested freeways because of increased duration and intensity of exposure. The estimated marginal cost and benefit curves indicate a theoretical preference for price controls to address the externality problem. The inclusion of on-road exposure costs reduces the magnitudes of projects required to cover implementation costs for intelligent transportation system (ITS) improvements; the net benefits of road-pricing ITS systems are increased more than the net benefits of ITS traffic flow improvements. When considering distinct vehicle classes, inclusion of on-road exposure costs greatly increases heavy-duty vehicle marginal costs because of their higher emissions rates and greater roadway capacity utilization. Lastly, there are large uncertainties associated with the parameters utilized in the estimation of health outcomes that are a function of travel pollution intensity and duration. More research is needed to develop on-road exposure modeling tools that link repeated short-duration exposure and health outcomes.     

杭州市交通状况及车联网市场前景的调研与分析

作为物联网在交通领域的应用,车联网可有效缓解当前的城市交通问题.为更好地把握车联网的市场前景,2012年底在杭州市开展了一次大规模随机抽样调查活动,在汽车4S店、二手车市场、高校、政府机关和企业内随机发放问卷共800份.根据对问卷结果的统计分析,绝大部分驾驶员对杭城交通状况十分不满意,造成交通问题的主因是车辆增长过快,大多数驾驶员对车联网应用及相关产品十分感兴趣,并愿意为之支付一定费用.由此可以推断车联网市场前景非常广阔.     

我国西南部山区隧道施工期支护结构力学行为特征案例分析

为研究我国西南部山区隧道施工期支护结构所面临的重大问题，将雅安—康定、汶川—马尔康高速公路的典型隧道作为案例，归纳总结施工期存在的高地应力、软弱围岩、断层破碎带、次生地质灾害等潜在危险源，通过现场实测数据深入分析不同危险源环境下支护结构体系的力学行为特征。研究结果表明： 1）当隧道穿越软弱围岩时，围岩强度低、自承载能力差，接触压力、钢拱架应力均显著高于普通围岩隧道，二次衬砌分摊荷载比例显著上升； 2）当隧道穿越断层破碎带时，支护结构受力需要较长时间才能稳定下来，其力学行为呈现出3阶段演化规律，前期快速降低、中期缓慢降低、后期基本稳定； 3）当隧道洞口穿越松散堆积体时，坡体稳定性易受到扰动，其支护结构力学行为具有显著的偏压特性，围岩压力主要集中在深埋侧； 4）高地应力与围岩强度联合控制着围岩稳定性与支护结构体系的力学行为，高地应力硬岩隧道也具有一定的流变时间效应，但由于硬质围岩的强度较大、稳定性较好，支护结构受力相对较小，安全储备较高； 5）高地应力软岩隧道的围岩压力与结构受力显著升高，其支护结构力学行为在施工期便呈现出明显的流变特性，开挖约200 d后，仍然保持着缓慢增长。     

Using the revenues from congestion pricing

The economic theory behind congestion pricing relies on using the revenues to help compensate highway users. But can practical methods of using revenues come close to achieving this compensation, and still have salient appeal to important political groups? This paper investigates the possibilities for designing a package of revenue uses that can achieve these twin goals. The suggested approach returns two-thirds of the revenues to travelers through travel allowances and tax reductions, and uses the rest to improve transportation throughout the area, including affected business centers. By replacing regressive sales and fuel taxes, this approach offsets the tendency of the prices alone to have a regressive distributional impact. By lowering taxes, funding new highways, improving transit, and upgrading business centers, the package provides inducements for support from several key interest groups. The potential amounts of money involved are discussed using nationwide data, and in more detail using a case study of ubiquitous facility pricing throughout the Los Angeles region. Illustrative calculations of the effects on various individuals confirm that such a package can create net benefits for a wide spectrum of people and interest groups.     

城市路网交通拥堵H-Fuzzy评判方法研究

根据城市路网交通拥堵的空间分布特点将路网交通拥堵划分为路段拥堵和交叉口拥堵,参考城市道路和交叉口服务水平的划分标准将路网交通拥堵度划分为堵塞、拥堵、较拥堵、较畅通、畅通5个等级,选取了路网交通拥堵的判定指标,运用层次分析法建立了路网交通拥堵的二级评判指标体系及相应的H-Fuzzy综合模糊评判模型,最后对一典型路网交通拥堵状况进行了判定,研究成果对于评估城市交通网络拥堵提供了一种有效的定量分析方法。     

浅谈建设项目设计阶段的工程造价控制

工程造价是指一项工程预期开支或实际开支的全部固定资产投资费用,对建设项目工程造价的有效控制,是工程项目管理的重要组成部分。该文分析了在建设项目设计阶段控制工程造价的重要性,结合在项目设计阶段工程造价失控的一些具体事例,提出了对建设项目工程造价进行有效控制的一些有效措施。     

高职制图融合式教学模式的探索与实践

研究应用融合式教学模式、改革教学方法、采用现代教学手段是解决高职制图学时数大幅减少和确保教学质量之间的矛盾的根本途径。精心选择与合理编排工程制图与计算机绘图的教学内容是融合式教学模式改革的关键。编排原则是根据职业岗位群的能力要求选择两部分内容;以制图内容为主框架,以计算机绘图为表达手段,形成融合式教学体系。实践证明,应用融合式教学模式适合目前高职制图教学,保证教学质量。     

城市道路交通拥挤识别方法研究

界定了交通拥挤的概念及属性,总结了交通拥挤的识别方法和流程,介绍了识别交通拥挤的主要算法和模型。