考虑腹地关系的内河港口竞争策略分析

针对上下游两个内河港口之间的竞争问题，考虑相邻港口同时选择单一定价、单一定价-差别定价、差别定价-单一定价和差别定价4 种竞争策略情形下，运用Hotelling 博弈方法，在考虑港口之间水运成本的情况下，对不同竞争阶段港口的均衡价格、市场份额和利润进行了比较. 研究表明：港口的均衡结果与两港的位置和水上、陆路单位运费率之比有关；只有单一港口选择差别定价时，其可以获取更高的市场份额和利润；分别以不同阶段的市场份额、利润作为支付函数，上下游港口的纳什均衡均为差别定价策略.     

工程咨询企业核心竞争力研究

研究目的:在异常激烈和残酷的竞争面前,工程咨询企业要想生存和发展,必须大力培育和增强企业的核心竞争力。因此,探索中国工程咨询企业核心竞争力的构建要素,寻求提升企业市场竞争能力,对于我国企业成长和经济发展具有重要意义。研究方法:本文通过相关的文献、国内外著作、网站及报刊杂志等几个方面获取相关理论及研究资料,采用文献分析法、理论综述法和归纳演绎法相结合,归纳出工程咨询企业核心竞争力构成要素。研究结论:结合工程咨询企业的特殊性,分析了核心竞争力要素。要素由6个方面组成:社会影响力、技术创新能力、市场开拓与营销能力、工程项目管理能力、资源管理能力和知识管理能力。     

企业战略的执行力

在日趋激烈的市场竞争中,企业除了要制定一个长远的战略规划,最重要的是要建立自己的执行力.执行力是一切的关键!没有执行力,就没有竞争力.     

Applications of transport economics and imperfect competition

The great majority of analyses made in transport economics use, explicitly or, more often, implicitly, the common assumption of perfect competition. This is the case, for instance, when infrastructure projects are evaluated using the mere sum of the surpluses of transport users and providers. Even when putting aside the question of externalities such as noise, safety or environmental quality, the real chain of economic interactions that takes place in transport provision or downstream of transport provision is not taken into account. Surely enough, describing and simulating this chain could be quite complex. Nevertheless, it is not uninteresting to try to estimate if it does make a big difference or not to make this approximation. The paper makes such an attempt for two broad kinds of applications of transport economics:     

基于耗散结构理论的乌海市公交优先必要性研究

通过对乌海市海勃湾区居民出行进行问卷调查，针对不同类型的出行者出行方式所占比例，结合以耗散结构理论为基础的公交车-小汽车出行需求竞争模型计算分析了实施公交优先的必要性。分析结果表明按照现有的出行比例及出行量来推算未来的出行分配，不加限制的自由发展和实施公交优先对城市的交通影响截然不同，在有限的道路资源前提下，实施公交优先是解决未来交通拥堵、节约能源的必由之路。     

Effect of slot trading on route-level competition: Evidence from experience in the UK

This paper examines the effect of airport slot trading on route-level competition using data on slot trades in the UK. The estimation results suggest that the slot trades among partner carriers contributed to slightly increased competition measured in terms of the number of competitors per route, whereas the slot trades between rival carriers had a negative effect on the number of competitors at the route level. The results suggest that carriers seem to have used the slots obtained from their rivals not to compete with each other but to strengthen their dominance on their existing routes. This behavior is considered to be derived from the bilateral nature of slot trading, which facilitates mutual forbearance among competitors. To cope with the potential anticompetitive effect of mutual forbearance, it would be worthwhile to explore slot-trading schemes that make it harder for carriers to take advantage of multimarket contact as well as alternative methods of primary slot allocation.     

基于地区发展竞争视阈的地方行政管理体制改革探析

文章对当前基于地区发展竞争的地方行政管理体制困惑进行了解析,指出了地方行政管理体制改革要体现差别的必要性,并从地方行政管理体制改革要置于政治体制改革大环境、要适应地区发展转型和政务公开新要求等方面提出了对策。     

Organisation form,scale effects and efficiency in the British bus industry

The British bus industry is examined in light of fundamental reform in ownership and regulation. The industry is divided between privately and publicly owned companies, with the private sector further split between publicly listed owned subsidiaries and private limited companies. The change in ownership structure since privatization is analysed, and Data Envelopment Analysis used to estimate the extent of returns to scale and technical efficiency, as defined by one output and three inputs. Technical efficiency is further divided into managerial and organisational components, and comparisons made of median efficiency levels using a Mann Whitney statistical test.Increasing returns to scale are found for smaller companies, but the size of such returns varies with the company type. A minimum efficiency scale is identified, with constant returns above this point. A high degree of technical inefficiency is found to be present in the industry, which may initially suggest a lack of competition and reflect the oligopolistic structure that has emerged since privatisation. Privately owned companies are identified as more technically efficient, however this is due to significantly less organisational constraints, and considerable managerial inefficiency exists in this group. It is finally concluded that the high level of inefficiency may not reflect ownership, but rather industry characteristics, and rather than a lack of competition may be indicative of wasteful competition. It is suggested therefore there may be a need to make the market contestable rather than openly competitive.     

基于市场进入博弈的高速铁路与航空竞争分析

提出了一个市场进入博弈模型来研究高铁和航空在中等运输距离上的竞争，重点考虑了票价、服务频率和乘客在不同交通方式之间因价格变动产生的转移等因素. 作为市场在位者，航空有允许和阻止两种策略，而高铁可以选择进入或者不进入市场，运用逆向归纳法求解出各种策略组合下航空和高铁的最佳策略，通过京沪高铁的实例展示了航空和高铁博弈的结果，给出了博弈双方的利润、票价、服务频率，以及在市场需求变动、机型变动和沉没成本变动条件下三者的变动情况. 结果表明，如果高铁的沉没成本不高并且市场需求充足，其最佳策略是进入市场，而航空的最佳策略是允许.     

竞争环境下航班舱位控制博弈模型

分析了中国航空市场的特点,以定义不同票价等级下各航空公司所提供的座位数为决策变量,舱位容量为约束条件,各家航空公司收益最大化为多目标函数,构建竞争环境下中国航空公司舱位控制的博弈模型,利用拉格朗日乘数法求解各航空公司最优低价票数,并以此来确定均衡舱位.仿真试验表明:各家航空公司舱位控制策略相互制约且能够达到均衡状态,但受到旅客需求随机性的影响,在12 000次的仿真试验中达到均衡的概率为12.68%,达不到均衡的概率为87.32%,因此,这种均衡是动态的且实现机率较低,结论与实际相符,模型切实可行.