论跨国公司及其联盟型竞争

本文首先论述了跨国公司的发展与世界经济的变化。其次，重点讨论了跨国公司联盟型竞争的理论及其主要特征。最后提出了面对联盟型竞争应采取的对策。     

A competitive, charter air-service planning model for student athlete travel

This paper presents a model for planning an air charter service for pre-scheduled group travel. This model is used to investigate the competitiveness of such an enterprise for student athlete travel in conference sports. The relevant demand subset to be served by a limited charter fleet is identified through a comparison with existing scheduled travel options. Further, the routing and scheduling of the charter aircraft is performed within the same framework. Through this modeling a method for formulating and accommodating continuous time windows and competitive market dynamics in strategic planning for a charter service is developed. Computational improvements to the basic model are also presented and tested. The model is applied to the Big Sky Conference for the 2006-2007 season, quantifying the benefits to the students from such a service and the change in expenditure associated with such a benefit for various assumptions about operations and value of time. The findings indicate the lack of spatial or sport based patterns for maximizing benefit, indicating the absence of simplistic “rules of thumb” for operating such a service, and validating the need for the model.     

提升南通区域经济竞争力的对策研究

文章阐述了区域经济竞争力的内涵及要素,分析了南通区域经济竞争力的优势和不足,并从经济结构战略性调整、增强自主创新能力、促进城乡协调发展、提高资源节约和环境保护水平、促进社会和谐等五方面提出了提升南通区域经济竞争力的对策和方法。     

城市交叉口群信号协调控制范围动态划分方法

考虑交叉口群交通关联特征,本文提出了交叉口群信号协调控制范围动态划分 方法.为响应实时交通需求,采用交叉口通行能力利用率指标识别道路网络中的瓶颈区 域.根据协调系数与不均衡系数两类路段关联度指标,搜索瓶颈区域的影响范围.应用自 组织映射神经网络,作为路段关联度“强”与“弱”的临界划分工具.使用二分法逐步缩小搜 索范围,断开关联度较弱的路段连接,在余下的连通网络中继续分类直到满足交叉口群 协调控制规模约束的大小为止.仿真结果表明,交叉口群范围的合理划分有助于提高路网 信号协调控制的效率.     

Hub location in the South-Atlantic airline market: A spatial competition game

The paper analyzes the airlines’ hub location problem through a spatial competition game played in two stages. First, airlines sequentially choose the location of their hub and second, they compete offering direct or connecting services between each city-pair. Different outcomes in the first stage will affect competition in the second, and as a consequence, the market share that airlines can obtain.Given actual demand patterns, results of the model are applied to the South-Atlantic airline market. We study the subgame perfect equilibriums obtained as a result of competition in each city-pair to anticipate where airlines will probably locate their hubs once an “open skies” policy is adopted in this market.     

The limited scope of seaborne cargo liability regime: new political–economic environments in the 21st century

ABSTRACT

Since the 1920s, seaborne cargo liability regimes have introduced a small number of mandatory rules into international carriage of goods by sea, through the Hague–Visby Rules, to restrict freedom of contract. These rules worked within a limited scope to offset imperfect competition in the shipping markets. However, the recent Hamburg and Rotterdam Rules attempted to extend this scope of seaborne cargo liability regime, which seems to be more extensive than is desirable. This article compares and examines the shipping sub-sectors’ environment and maritime economics over the past century up to date. The new business patterns of the shipping sub-sectors, the rising influence of developing countries, and the containerisation are creating new shipping environments for this area of law. Compared with previous decades, imperfect competition is only found in a smaller number of areas within the shipping markets nowadays. This article argues that only a limited scope of application is needed for international seaborne cargo liability regime. Thus, these new economic and political realities call for innovative modifications to the recent rules regarding the scope of application, and future regime should refocus international uniformity on a limited scope.     

Deregulating European aviation — A case study

European international scheduled aviation has been characterised by bans on market entry, price collusion, and capacity sharing. High fares were charged compared to world standards and the fares charged by European charter airlines.In May 1986 new entrants with pricing freedom were permitted on the London-Dublin route which was then the third largest in European scheduled international aviation. Prior to deregulation the route experienced high fare growth. The unrestricted fare ex-London increased 72.6 per cent compared to a Retail Price Index increase of 41.5 per cent. There was a growth in passenger numbers in the years 1980–85 of 2.8 per cent.Since deregulation passenger numbers have risen to 2.3 million compared to 994,000 before deregulation. Fares have declined by an estimated 37 per cent ex-Dublin and 42 per cent ex-London in real terms. There have been four cases of market entry and one of market exit. The estimated share of the new entrants in the second half of 1989 was 28 per cent. The preregulation earnings data of Aer Lingus, the market leader, indicated that protection allowed staff to earn economic rents. A two-tier structure was introduced in response to competition.Remaining barriers to contestability in UK/Ireland aviation include hub airport dominance, ground handling monopolies, and the ability of airlines with routes in both regulated and deregulated markets to engage in geographical price discrimination against airlines with routes in deregulated markets only. A pro-contestability aviation policy in Europe will require measures to prevent the abuse of dominant positions by established airlines over new market entrants and to prevent collusion between established airlines.     

企业竞争中的最小赢得联盟

给出了企业竞争中的最小赢得联盟S，证明了不在S中、成员利益为0的企业的集合Vs的稳定性。从战略联盟的规模、联盟成员企业的分配比例、成员企业的机会主义行为以及成员退出后的利益补偿等方面对Vs进行了分析，并用实例予以说明。联盟并不等于垄断，调整企业资源既使企业受惠也增进了消费者的社会福利。     

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在分析高速公路基本属性的基础上，从微观经济学的角度，推导了高速公路的供给曲线和需求曲线的函数关系式，进行高速公路的供需均衡分析，研究了高速公路效益的产生机理，为高速公路建设项目的效益评价和决策提供了理论依据.     

Airline flight scheduling for oligopolistic competition with direct flights and a point to point network

In this research, we consider a flight scheduling problem for oligopolistic competition with direct flights and a point to point network. In this type of market situation, passengers are sensitive to the departure time of a flight rather than the transfer time. The airline needs to carefully consider the departure times of their competitors when determining their own. Therefore, unlike past approaches which have only considered one departure time for a competitor's flight, a flight scheduling framework is developed which takes into consideration possible competitor departure times. The framework includes two dependent stages which are repeatedly solved during the solution process. In addition, an upper bound model is also designed to evaluate the solution quality. Numerical tests are performed using data for Taiwan's outlying island route which is characterized by the above market situation. Satisfactory results are obtained, showing the good performance of the framework. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.