A General Method for the Evaluation of Vehicle Manoeuvrability with Special Emphasis on Motorcycles

This paper presents a novel approach to the assessment of the manoeuvrability of vehicles which is not based on the simulation of open-loop manoeuvres, nor does it rely on the modelling of the driver as a control system. Instead, the essence of the method is the solution of a two-point optimal control boundary value problem, in which a vehicle, subject to physical constraints like tyre adherence and road borders, among others, is required to go between given initial and final positions as fast as possible. The control inputs - i.e., the driver's actions - that make the vehicle move between the two states in the most efficient way are found as a part of the solution procedure and represent the actions of a sort of ideal, perfect driver. The resulting motion is called the optimal manoeuvre and, besides being the most efficient way that the given vehicle has for travelling between the two points according to the chosen optimal criterion, may be taken as a reference for meaningful comparisons with other vehicles. The value of the penalty function, used to define the optimal condition occurring at the optimal manoeuvre, may be taken as a measure of manoeuvrability or handling. With this approach the manoeuvrability properties are established as intrinsic to the vehicle, being defined with respect to an ideal perfect driver. Some possible forms of the penalty function, which means slightly different concepts of manoeuvrability and handling, are discussed. In the end, the case of motorcycles and some examples of optimal manoeuvres are given.     

Rotational vibration absorber for the mitigation of rail rutting corrugation

Torsional vibrations of metro wheel sets are known to be involved in the wavelength-fixing mechanism of the rutting-type rail corrugation. In the first part of this paper, the basic conditions for this type of wear to appear are established using a theory developed in the frequency domain. The efficiency of a dynamic vibration absorber tuned to the first torsional resonance of the wheel set to mitigate rutting corrugation is evaluated numerically. In the second part, the phenomenon is studied on a quarter-scale test bench. The scaling laws for wheel–roller wear predictions are established. The efficiency of the dynamic vibration absorber is evaluated on the scaled bench. The results are compared with theoretical predictions from a linear model. Additionally, the measurements are compared with numerical results from a multi-body model portraying the experiment.     

基于激光摄像技术的钢轨波磨检测方法研究

目前常用的钢轨波磨检测方法有弦测法和惯性基准法,弦测法传递函数不恒定,惯性基准法受车速影响大。针对钢轨波磨检测方法的缺点,提出了一种基于激光摄像技术的波磨检测方法,通过多传感器并行工作对钢轨轮廓进行高频率采样,通过FPGA(现场可编程门阵列)对传感器获得的光条图像进行ROI(Region Of Interest)提取,将图像的ROI传送至上位机提取轮廓数据,进而完成钢轨的波磨信息提取。论证了通过多传感器并行工作提高钢轨轮廓的采样频率的可行性,在Xilinx SP605开发板上实现了光条图像ROI的实时提取。试验表明,ROI提取能够有效减小通信的数据量。     

地铁短枕式整体道床地段钢轨波磨特征及动力影响

针对地铁运营中存在的钢轨波磨问题,对短枕式整体道床地段开展钢轨波磨特征和动态响应测试,分析钢轨波磨产生原因和影响,并建立车辆-轨道耦合动力学模型,分析了不同钢轨波磨参数对车辆动力响应的影响.研究表明:钢轨波磨在小半径曲线段更为严重,外侧钢轨波磨相对内侧存在滞后现象,主波长在30～63 mm;短枕式整体道床在400 Hz...     

北京地铁钢轨静态动态测试技术

介绍了地铁钢轨静态、动态测试技术,为了对钢轨波磨损耗进行治理,采用光纤网络和传感器技术对北京地铁几段新、老线路钢轨的应变、位移、加速度进行了动态和静态刚度测试,获得了宝贵的数据与经验。     

钢轨波浪形磨损的研究分析

钢轨波磨是世界各国铁路部门致力解决的极复杂的问题,通过对近几年相关资料的总结,分析了钢轨波磨领域的研究现状。介绍了当前在波磨分类、成因机理和减缓措施中存在的各种观点,重点讨论了波磨的形成机理和减缓措施,认为波磨的形成和发展有自激振动、反馈振动、接触疲劳3个方面的原因。     

地铁钢轨非对称打磨技术应用

地铁线路设计受城市环境的影响,小半径曲线在地铁线路中普遍应用,钢轨波磨为小半径曲线主要病害,严重影响行车品质。针对不同的曲线病害状态,结合地铁车辆车轮踏面实际廓形,设计不同的钢轨打磨廓形,且曲线上下股进行非对称性廓形设计和打磨,改善轮轨接触关系,是有效的波磨整治方案。以北京地铁4号线北京南—马家堡区间一条350 m的曲线波磨病害整治为例,简述按该方案进行廓形设计和施工的过程,后期进行连续观测,打磨整治效果显著,能有效改善轮轨接触关系,控制疲劳伤损,延长钢轨使用寿命。     

Experimental and numerical investigation of the effect of rail corrugation on the behaviour of rail fastenings

This paper presents the results of a detailed investigation of the effects of rail corrugation on the dynamic behaviour of metro rail fastenings, obtained from extensive experiments conducted on site and from simulations of train–track dynamics. The results of tests conducted with a metro train operating on corrugated tracks are presented and discussed first. A three-dimensional (3D) model of the metro train and a slab track was developed using multi-body dynamics modelling and the finite element method to simulate the effect of rail corrugation on the dynamic behaviour of rail fastenings. In the model, the metro train is modelled as a multi-rigid body system, and the slab track is modelled as a discrete elastic support system consisting of two Timoshenko beams for the rails, a 3D solid finite element (FE) model for the slabs, periodic discrete viscoelastic elements for the rail fastenings that connect the rails to the slabs, and uniformly viscoelastic elements for the subgrade beneath the slabs. The proposed train–track model was used to investigate the effects of rail corrugation on the dynamic behaviour of the metro track system and fastenings. An FE model for the rail fastenings was also developed and was used to calculate the stresses in the clips, some of which rupture under the excitation of rail corrugation. The results of the field experiments and dynamics simulations provide an insight into the root causes of the fracture of the clips, and several remedies are suggested for mitigating strong vibrations and failure of metro rail fastening systems.     

船用板式换热器混合板片热力性能实验研究

以人字形板式换热器板片为研究对象,测试单相流体在三种不同组合方式的板式换热器中的换热特性和阻力特性并对此进行比较,得出三种组合方式的优劣。实验结果表明:随着波纹角度的增加,板式换热器的阻力特性不断升高,换热性能则先增加再逐渐下降。综合板式换热器流动换热特性随流速的变化规律,小波纹倾角模型换热效果最差,但其压损最小;大波纹倾角模型换热效果最好,同时压力损失最大;混合板片模型换热效果和压降都介于小波纹倾角模型和大波纹倾角模型中间。     

钢轨波浪形磨损研究

钢轨波浪形磨损（简称钢轨波磨）是车辆与轨道结构激烈振动并产生噪声的主要因素之一，不仅影响旅客乘坐舒适度和装运货物的完好，而且缩短结构部件的使用寿命。结合试验，采用车辆一轨道耦合动力学理论、轮轨三维非赫兹滚动接触理论、材料摩擦磨损理论和塑性理论，研究钢轨波浪形磨损的形成和发展机理。主要研究内容如下。