An assessment of the performance of the European long intermodal freight trains (LIFTS)

Intermodal rail/road freight transport has always been considered as a competitive alternative to its road freight counterpart in the European medium- to long-distance corridors (markets). Such consideration has been based on the increasing competitiveness of some innovative rail services and the existing and prospective performance of both modes in terms of the full social – internal or operational and external – costs. The most recent innovation of rail technologies and related services launched by some European railway companies, still at the conceptual level, is the Long Intermodal Freight Train (LIFT). This is supposed to be a block train operating in long-distance corridors (markets) with a substantial and regular freight demand.This paper develops analytical models for assessing the performance of the LIFTs, the already-operating Conventional Intermodal Freight Trains (CIFTs), and their road counterpart as well. The performance consists of the full – internal (private) and external – costs of the door-to-door delivery of loading units – containers, swap-bodies, and semi-trailers. The internal costs embrace the operational costs of the transport (rail and road) and intermodal terminal operators. The external costs include the costs of the impacts of door-to-door delivery of loading units on society and the environment. These negative externalities include noise, air pollution, traffic accidents, and congestion.The models are applied to a simplified version of intermodal and road transport system using inputs from the European freight transport sector. The aims are to compare the full costs of particular modalities in order to investigate the potential of the LIFTs as compared with the CIFTs in improving the internal efficiency of the rail freight sector and its competitiveness with respect to its road counterpart. In addition, the paper attempts to assess some effects on the potential modal shift of EU (European Union) transport policies on internalizing transport externalities.     

关于公路建设项目经济评价的几点思考

经济评价是通过财务评价和国民经济评价,分析项目的经济合理性和财务合理性,并作为项目是否建设的重要决定要素之一。交通量预测、评价指标的选取、征地补偿费用与土地机会成本、国民经济效益等计量的正确与否将直接影响项目经济评价的结果。     

论企业的多元化

随着我国加入世贸组织,中国企业正面临着越来越激烈的竞争,经营的多元化也更多的成为企业决策时的选择。然而,有些企业由于对多元化的本质认识不够,在实行多元化战略的过程中暴露出一些问题,有些企业甚至陷入了所谓的多元化经营危机。本文将就企业在多元化经营方面的一些问题做经济学的理论探讨,并为中国企业在多元化经营方面提供一点决策建议。     

Economic factors affecting the registration of lower CO2 emitting aircraft in Europe

We examine the various forces influencing the development and uptake of environmentally beneficial technical changes, focusing on airline technology. Within this context, we consider not only the nature of competition within the final market in which aircraft, an intermediate product, are sold, but also that of the product market itself, the commercial airline industry. The reasons for the gradual reduction in CO₂ per seat per aircraft movement in aircraft design are examined in terms of the real costs of aviation fuel, changes in the nature of the supply industry, the movement towards carbon cap-trade policies, and endogenous technical progress in the technology of the industry. The latter being taken as an empirical proxy for the role market forms play in influencing the fuel efficiency of the types of aircraft used. The results support the existence of these latter forces on the demand for aircraft types, allowing for other influences that affect aircraft technology.     

二阶段易腐物品生产研究

对二阶段易腐物品生产过程进行了分析，在充分考虑了原料，半成品和成品的库存损耗特性的基础上，建立了二阶段易腐物品生产模型及其遗传算法。     

Executive Stock Option, Mediation of Agency Costs and Allocation of Power in Levered Firms

The relationship between options and agency costs in levered firms is studied by modeling the effect of executive stock options on the manager‘s investment strategy in levered firms. Stock options do not necessarily aggravate agency costs in levered finns. The corporate governance affects agency costs greatly. If debt-holders were entitled to design executive stock options together with stockholders, by allocating power properly between stockholders and debt-holders, firm value could be enhanced greatly. The following way of allocating power between the two parties is proposed: the exercise price should be the weighted average of the stockholders‘ and debtholders‘ suggested exercise prices. The weight allocated to debt-holders is positively related to the amount of debts that debt-holders lend to stockholders.     

地铁单向加车小交路方案研究

从减少运营列车配置和运营成本的角度,探讨一种更经济有效的列车运行交路设计方案。基于深圳地铁3号线的案例,提出单向加车小交路方案,对其方案的优缺点进行分析,得出以下结论：单向发车交路方案在节约车辆购置费、运营成本、场段规模等方面均有优势,可以提高运营效率,是缓解局部高峰客流非常行之有效的手段。总结采用该方案的若干适用条件（客流潮汐现象明显、场段分布及规模适宜等）,希望能为业内设计及运营实践提供一定的帮助。     

制约绿色建筑发展的原因及策略分析

对制约绿色建筑在国内推广与应用的诸多因素进行深入分析,阐明了发展缓慢的原因,发现绿色建筑的发展应当结合"政策性、经济性、技术性、适用性、环保性"原则;在遵循此原则的前提下,提出从资源易得性、资源循环利用、更新观念、强化绿色意识、确立战略目标等方面入手,稳步发展绿色建筑的策略。     

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为寻求一定运输需求和运营条件下,航线上最优的集装箱班轮运输发船间隔及相关决策量,使资金极为密集的航运业运行更优,以一定营运期内航线上班轮运营利润为目标,以船舶载重能力、各类箱型箱位数和港口装卸效率为约束建立班轮运营经济模型.根据班轮航线各港间各类箱型箱量的关系,详细研究运营系统中船舶资本成本、营运成本,以及包括燃料费、装卸费、靠泊费、港口使用费、船员津贴的航次变动成本的解析式,提出调和平均方法的港口综合装卸效率,以及各航段保留一定燃油量、交货时实现利润的条件下盈利航速的解,兼顾实现班轮各航段船天利润和运营总利润两方面最优.结合隐函数求导和函数极值方法求出模型决策变量的最优解,并以实例说明模型的有效性.     

山区高速公路地质选线实例研究

现今公路施工和运营中出现的诸多问题,这是由多方面原因造成的,在地质条件复杂的山岭地区进行路线设计中,“地质选线”好坏是控制成本的最主要因素之一[1].结合成渝高速公路设计,归纳了目前山区高速公路设计中存在的典型地质问题,有区域稳定性问题、地形地质环境问题以及高速公路本身结构有关的工程地质问题.列举实例讲述了“地质选线”思想如何体现在工程设计中：“地质选线”要在全过程中加强比选工作,而不是一味整治,从而合理控制成本.