A proposal for cost-related and market-oriented train running charges

This paper examines some key aspects of a charging system for promoting railway transport, including charges reflecting a clear relationship with costs (transparency) and charges reflecting the quality of the infrastructure manager's service. Train running charges recover track-related costs and can help to develop a charging system that meets these requirements. To orient train running charges to the market, a method for processing track maintenance and renewal costs is proposed whereby the quality of the service provided by an infrastructure is measured according to its utility to the railway undertaking. To achieve transparency, a single indicator is used for cost planning and the subsequent levying of costs on railway undertakings. The paper includes an example of how proposed train running charges would be calculated according to data from 14 European countries. The example shows that short-distance trains generate the lowest maintenance and renewal costs, followed by long-distance trains and freight trains.     

基于顾客感知价值的技术降成本方法探讨

本文是基于价值工程理论,从顾客的感知价值角度出发探讨了技术降成本的方法。实践表明,该方法在保证和提高产品市场竞争力的同时,能有效降低其开发和生产成本。     

电动汽车充电站的选址优化研究

电动汽车的充电系统是发展电动汽车的重要基础支撑系统,进行电动汽车充电站的选址优化研究对于电动汽车的推广具有重要意义。首先对影响电动汽车充电站的选址因素进行分析;在充分考虑电动汽车充电站建设原则的基础上,构建基于充电站运营费用和用户充电费用最小化的电动汽车充电站的选址模型;然后采用遗传算法对模型进行求解;最后通过算例对模型和算法进行验证。     

矿区运输方式成本分析

矿区内运输方式的选择直接影响工程投资及运营成本,影响企业经济效益。研究矿区内各种运输方式的运营成本,分析各种运输方式、运营成本构成及运营成本测算方法,并结合实例,对各运输方式的单位运营成本对比评介,为矿区运输方案的选择提供依据。     

客运专线运营成本组成要素分析

论述客运专线运营成本的特点,在参考和借鉴国外高速铁路及我国既有线的运营经验及研究成果基础上,重点分析客运专线运营成本中电力、材料、折旧、工资、资本成本5个组成要素的支出科目及成本构成情况,提出控制客运专线运营成本的措施,可以为我国客运专线建设和运营提供参考意见。     

费改税对道路运输企业的影响分析

费改税的实施在给道路运输企业带来机遇的同时也产生更为严峻的挑战。费改税的实施在一定程度上改善道路运输市场的经营环境,并有助于抑制多年来道路运输市场中的恶性竞争;同时,也加大一些企业的燃油消耗及相关成本,加重企业运营负担。道路运输企业必须采取应对措施以适应形势需要,如优化车型配置、加快车辆更新速度和数量、提高企业管理及运输生产中信息技术的应用等。     

A meta-analysis of Western European external costs estimates

This paper analyses the external transport cost estimates that have been found in various European studies. These estimates seem at first glance to be highly dispersed, a fact which raises questions about their reliability. The article offers a list of the possible reasons for discrepancies between the various studies; differences in the specific situations studied, in the type of cost calculated, in the physical laws relating to emissions, in the measurement of values of external costs. It assesses the relative magnitude of each of these causes through a meta-analysis. It turns out that the main differences come from the specificity of the situation under review and the type of cost calculated. In comparison, differences in the laws and in the values methods have a lower importance. The conclusion is that the estimates of external costs are reliable for decision-making policies.     

公路费用的构成与分摊

从经济学中引发费用公平的角度研究公路费用的构成和分摊；分析典型车型在等级道路上引发费用的构成；最后，对典型车型的各种引发费用进行初步的估算。     

道路时间费用预测模型研究

时间费用是公路建设和公路养护投资效益分析所必须考虑的经济指标之一。旅行时间费用、车辆运营费用和道路事故费用三者一起构成了道路的用户费用。随着公路网水平的提高、社会的发展和人们生活水平的不断提高，时间费用将在用户费用中占有更大的比重。本文就时间和由此产生的费用及费用计算方法进行初步探讨。     

基于灰色关联分析的工程造价控制

从影响工程造价的土地费用、图纸设计及管理、施工图预算价、工期、工程变更费用和工料机信息价等6个因素出发,根据灰色关联分析理论计算出各因素与工程造价的关联度,得到各因素对工程造价灰色关联度的排序。研究表明:施工图预算价对工程造价的影响最大,管理者要注重施工图预算的编制策略和技巧,科学适度地控制此因素,这样可以避免发生"三超"现象,以较少的投入获得较多的效益。