Measuring the environmental efficiency of the global aviation fleet

This research analyses the environmental footprint of the airline industry in an attempt to highlight potential paths for improvement. We develop a directional economic-environmental distance function (DEED) which accounts for the production of both desirable and undesirable output and the potential for constrained increases in input utilization. This research applies the modeling framework to analyze the potential to reduce noise and airborne pollutants emitted by aircraft–engine combinations given the current state of aeronautical technology. The global aircraft–engine market is viewed from the regulatory perspective in order to compare the single environmental and operational efficient frontier to that of the airline carriers, and environmental objectives. The results of DEED are then applied in order to substitute the fleets serving Schipol, Amsterdam and Arlanda, Stockholm airports in June 2010 with the benchmark aircraft. The results highlight the inefficiencies of the current airline fleets and that the IPCC values of externalities are a magnitude of TEN too low to encourage changes in the global fleet hence the need for government intervention.     

DZ029转向器支架铸造工艺改进

本文通过对DZ029转向器支架铸造工艺的改进,最终节约了生产成本及提高了生产效率,并使得该转向器支架铸件废品率大幅降低.     

企业财务状况指标分析

以某企业报告期财务报表数据为基础，分析企业负债能力和长期偿债能力等财务指标，计算销售利润率、销售毛利率、销售费用率、销售成本率等盈利能力指标。同时进行直接材料、直接人工、制造费用等成本和期间费用分析，可为企业财务分析工作提供一定参考。     

优化多式联运问题的一种广义最短路方法研究

多式联运问题是目前引起普遍关注的一个研究课题,但针对多式联运网络的性质及其相关算法的研究,尤其是寻求最佳运输路线方法的研究,各类相关文献仍涉及很少。本文首先回顾多式联运问题的理论研究现状,并分析了Reddy(1995)构建的总运输成本最小化条件下的多式联运模型。在此基础上,提出一种求解最佳运输路线的广义最短路法,即通过构建多式联运网络多重图,将运输过程中的数据、信息和图中的节点、边关联起来,然后对运输费用和中转费用进行分析估计,并通过在联运网络图中加入虚拟的发、到站,使得该问题可用Dijkstra算法进行求解,从而获得广义费用最少的联运方案。最后,将该方法和后动态规划法同时应用于由5个城市及3种运输方式构成的多式联运算例求解,通过实际对比分析,证实该优化方法的计算复杂度不高于后动态规划法,从而验证了该优化方法的有效性。     

Effectiveness and costs of odor repellents in wildlife–vehicle collisions: A case study in Central Bohemia,Czech Republic

This article summarizes the results of the field tests, when the efficiency and financial costs of the chosen odor repellents to reduce mortality of animals on selected roads and railways in the Czech Republic during the years 2011–2013 were evaluated. The main objective was to determine whether by using repellents it is possible to reduce the number of animals killed and evaluate the return of financial costs that are associated with the application of the repellents. Our results showed that the odor repellents are an effective tool to reduce wildlife–vehicle collision (WVC), and thanks to their application it was possible to reduce the cost of damage to property and reduce the number of killed animals by comparing the years 2011 (without measure) and 2013 (2 years of repellent application) by 37% of the initial loss.     

Evaluating the effects of speed reduce for shipping costs and CO2 emission

Global greenhouse gas emissions have driven up carbon dioxide levels beyond 400 parts per million, thereby increasing the rate of global warming. This paper conducted a thorough assessment of available operating strategies to identify the approach to speed reduction that is best able to minimize costs and reduce the impact of shipping on the environment. Our results indicate that optimum speed reduction is a dynamic process depending largely on charter rates and fuel prices. The significant cost advantages afforded by this approach could improve the competitiveness of ship operators.     

Economies of density and factor substitution in Dublin city bus services — a translog approach

The primary aim of the paper is to determine a short‐run cost function for Dublin City Bus Services (DCS), using a translog approach. The results show that there are significant economies of density in the transit operation. The results also indicate that the structure of DCS is characterised by a homothetic production function and that partial elasticities of substitution are non‐unitary.     

Economic conditions for minibus usage in a multimodal feeder network

The introduction of minibuses into the transit fleets of some cities makes it more important than ever to investigate the economic and operating conditions of these vehicles for various transit and paratransit services. A high performance transit system is of great interest, owing to its desirable characteristics. However, it is not feasible to establish and use such a system all over a city. It is therefore necessary to support a high performance transit system with other modes to extend its area of operation (owing to higher demand) and also to connect those areas that are not covered by the high performance system to it. This paper considers the use of minibuses in the design of metro line feeders and to characterize the economic domain in which it is efficient to use them in a feeder network. Based on results from ant colony optimization, the performance measures of minibuses are compared with those of conventional buses to help make decision makers aware of the use and role of these vehicles. The study contradicts the common belief that, since minibuses require similar driver costs to those of conventional buses, it is not economical to use them in a transit fleet; in fact, it is shown that minibuses can displace conventional buses in some situations in a feeder network.     

核动力集装箱船经济性分析

以大型集装箱船为研究目标,通过对普通燃油集装箱船与核动力集装箱船的运行费用进行分析,并对2种船舶全寿期内的运行费用进行比较。结果表明,在全寿期内,核动力集装箱船相比普通燃油集装箱船在油价高于367美元/t时,具有较好的经济性。     

External costs of electric vehicles

Electric vehicles (EV) are often considered a promising technology to decrease external costs of road transport. Therefore, main external cost components are estimated for EV and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV). These include costs of accidents, air pollution, climate change, noise, and congestion. All components are estimated over the product lifetime and, where appropriate, differentiated according to fuel type, vehicle size as well as emission location and time. The advantage of this differentiation is, however, compensated by high uncertainties of most cost estimates. Overall, the external costs of EV and ICEV do not differ significantly. Only for climate change, local air pollutants in congested inner-cities, and noise some advantageous effects can be observed for EV. The advantages depend strongly on the national electricity power plant portfolio and potentially also on the charging strategy. Controlled charging might allow for higher emission reductions than uncontrolled charging of EV.