Calculation of external costs for freight transport

Abstract

The negative impacts of transport are in general associated with costs. These costs are usually denoted as ‘external costs’ or ‘externalities’. This paper presents a tool for calculating external costs for freight transport together with its application to a number of case studies. The categories considered include: air pollution, greenhouse gases, noise, accidents and congestion. Results are presented for a number of different transport alternatives as total costs and divided into categories. The uncertainties in the results are discussed. The assessment of these costs is essential for predicting future transport costs.     

城市低收入人群广义出行成本研究

从广义出行成本的角度出发,以定量分析为主,辅以适当的定性分析,研究城市低收入人群出行过程中的使用成本、时间成本和舒适度成本.通过对南京市多个经济适用房小区进行居民出行调查,以客观数据为基础,建立广义出行成本模型,预测低收入群体几种主要的出行方式分担率,有利于分析他们的日常出行,为制定关于低收入人群的不同交通方式的出行保障策略提供依据.     

城市公交线网的一票制差异化票价策略优化

针对城市公交系统客流空间分布和线网运力配置不均衡问题,提出公交线路间差异化定价策略,通过价格杠杆调节客流需求分布. 针对我国普遍采用的一票制模式,在分析乘客广义出行费用的基础上,利用基于Logit 的线路间客流分配方法,并以总社会成本最低为目标,以满足输送能力和收费额度等为约束,建立了固定需求下的城市公交线网的差异化票价策略优化模型. 根据模型特点,设计了基于模拟退火算法的模型求解方法,综合优化各线路的票价水平和发车频率. 最后,将提出的模型和算法应用到典型公交线网上,算例结果表明,优化方法在较低的收费额度下即可实现较为明显的网络改善效果.     

房地产行业股权融资成本与信息披露质量的实证研究

本文以2005-2006年度房地产行业上市公司作为样本,研究股权融资成本与信息披露质量之间的关系。在对变量的描述和样本检验的基础上,我们可以得出结论,即信息披露质量越高,股权融资成本越低。最后,本文通过实验研究,提出了一系列降低股权融资成本的政策建议。     

A two-sided market platform analysis for the electric vehicle adoption: Firm strategies and policy design

This study explores how to facilitate the electric vehicle (EV) diffusion from a two-sided market platform competition. We develop a stylized model depicting the platform competition between electric and gasoline vehicles by combining indirect network effects of consumer and energy supplier sides as well as vehicle manufacturers’ profits. The findings of this study provide several meaningful strategic and policy implications for EV manufacturers and policymakers who wish to enhance EV diffusion. First, EV sales are significantly influenced by indirect network effects from the energy supplier side to the consumer side, and vice versa. This implies that EV manufacturers who wish to boost EV diffusion should implement a strategy providing energy suppliers with incentives to willingly join the EV platform. Second, the dynamic nature of the effects of energy costs on platform competition might render counter-intuitive evidence that the drop in oil prices does not always negatively influence EV sales. This requires EV manufacturers to prepare a contingent strategy adjusting to such unexpected conditions. Third, governments should consider the energy supplier side as well as the consumer side in designing EV diffusion policies. When governments have a very challenging EV diffusion target, a balanced policy, which treats both gasoline and electric vehicle technologies fairly, may be more effective than a consumer subsidy policy.     

How big should transit be? Evidence on the benefits of reorganization from the San Francisco Bay Area

This paper studies whether the many public urban transit providers in the San Francisco Bay Area could realize cost economies by consolidating into larger systems. In this discussion, any benefits of rationalization are excluded, since these could be achieved without organizational changes.The results support the formation of larger multi-modal systems in the Bay Area. But care must be taken in selecting the candidates for reorganization, and a broad-brush approach could result in important lost opportunities for cost reduction. But if these economies are taken into account, and transit grows in the right directions, the benefits could be substantial.     

Electric versus conventional vehicles: social costs and benefits in France

This article compares the social costs of electric vehicles with those of conventional, thermal vehicles for typical passenger use in the Ile-de-France region (Greater Paris), a case of particular interest because nearly 80% of the electricity is generated by nuclear power plants. A four-seat electric car is compared to a new conventional car of the same make and model; for the latter both the gasoline and the diesel version are considered because almost half of new car sales in France are diesel. These results are also compared to typical existing diesel and gasoline vehicles in the current French fleet. The methodology developed by the ExternE (External Costs of Energy) Project of the European Commission is used to estimate the costs associated with atmospheric pollution due to power plants, refineries and tail pipe emissions. Our discussion of externalities is limited to air pollution thus excluding others such as costs associated with noise or accidents. Our results imply that the external costs are large and significant, even when one considers the uncertainties. If internalized by government regulations, these externalities can render the total cost of an electric vehicle more competitive with that of currently available thermal vehicles in large urban centers if the electricity is produced by sources with low pollution. However, the current generation electric vehicles are so expensive that internalization of pollution damage would not give it a very clear advantage.     

城市轨道交通PPP招商运营收支预测研究

在PPP招商阶段,城市轨道交通项目运营收支预测直接关系到招标条款设置的合理性和政府补贴额预测的准确性.从运营收入、运营支出角度分析城市轨道交通PPP招商运营收支预测情况,系统梳理并阐述票务收入、非票务收入、各项运营成本、重置更新成本、车辆追加成本以及税费的预测分析方法,供行业内研究探讨,从而希望为城市轨道交通PPP模式发展和运用提供借鉴.     

迈阿密城市轨道交通工程概述及评估

概述美国迈阿密城市轨道交通系统,通过对其日客运量、营运成本和收入成本比等方面统计分析,评估了该城市轨道交通系统,并总结了其中值得借鉴的经验教训,以期为我国类似的城市轨道交通系统建设提供有益的借鉴。     

城市地铁车辆选型思考

以深圳市轨道交通为例,通过对深圳市地铁客流的分析,以及对A、B型车的建设成本与运营成本的比较,探讨城市轨道交通车辆选型的问题。最后得出结论：1）车辆选型应全线综合考虑,尽量选用建设及运营成本较经济的车型。针对局部区间运能不足的情况,应增强城市轨道交通线网布局,增强各运营线路的换乘节点数量,完善局部区域的城市综合交通体系,给市民的出行提供多种选择。2）车辆选型从节能方面应综合考虑整个运营期间的乘客满载率。3）因B型车车体的长度、宽度及线路曲线半经小于A型车,故从地铁站、区间、车辆段土建结构造价及工程拆迁成本,以及运营噪声和振动等方面考虑,如B型车能满足远期客流要求,选用B型车较A型车更能体现地铁绿色环保的价值。