海事机构实施强制清污条件及清污费用求偿的思考

随着海上运输业的持续发展,船舶溢油事故风险也随之增加,发生船舶污染事故后,海事机构有权实施强制清污避免或者减少污染损害,但是对实施强制清污的条件及由此产生清污费用的求偿路径,理论与实务界存在诸多争议。文中由一起厦门海域发生的强制清污案例引发思考,从实务角度出发,用推演法分析实施强制清污的几种情况,探讨各清污主体之间的关系,得到清污单位直诉清污义务人合理结论,并给出实施该追偿路径的相关建议。     

基于缓解公交列车化现象的最小发车间隔研究

在分析公交列车化现象及其产生原因的基础上,从考虑约束发车间隔下限出发,以缓解公交列车化现象为约束条件,以公交企业运营成本最小和乘客利益最大为目标函数,探讨了公交车最小发车间隔的确定方法。用成都市81路公交车调查数据验证了该模型的可行性和有效性。     

A bottom-up solution for the multi-facility optimal pavement resurfacing problem

Transportation infrastructure management has been a subject of growing economic importance in recent years due to the magnitude of agency expenditures. Increasingly sophisticated methods have been developed to model pavement deterioration and solve for optimal management strategies. However, it is unclear whether these more complex methods are providing more useful results. This paper presents a simple approach for optimizing the frequency and intensity of resurfacing for multiple highway facilities. It builds upon existing optimization methods for the single-facility, continuous-state, continuous-time problem and corresponding results, which include a threshold structure for optimal solutions. This threshold structure allows for mathematical simplifications and for a straightforward optimization approach to be applied to the multi-facility case. The approach is bottom-up rather than top-down, preserving facility-specific features to develop informative budget allocation results. Application of the approach in a case study indicates that solutions are likely to be robust to deterioration model uncertainty, which is consistent with previous facility-level findings. In addition, the methodology is shown to be robust to the form of the deterioration model.     

危险货物道路运输风险复杂系统及风险测度模型与应用——以液氯运输为例

基于系统整体最优的危险货物道路运输风险系统分析及风险测度研究,是实现规避高风险路段的基础关键技术.本文以危险货物道路运输风险为研究对象,结合典型区域特征,进行了危险货物道路运输风险的系统分析,提出了危险货物道路运输风险复杂系统的概念.在此基础上,提出危险货物道路运输风险测度模型,并以典型危险货物液氯道路运输为例进行应用研究.在危险货物道路运输风险测度模型研究中,以泄漏事故导致的暴露人口风险损失和环境敏感区域损失两项指标作为评价对象,结合ALOHA模拟泄漏事故情景并将扩散情况载入ArcMap,分析泄漏事故所带来的价值损失.考虑运输成本,建立以系统整体最优--风险最小和运输成本最低的危险货物道路运输双目标规划模型.最后,基于实例结合蚁群算法对模型和方法的实用性和有效性进行验证.     

Determination and Applications of Environmental Costs at Different Sized Airports – Aircraft Noise and Engine Emissions

With the increasing trend of charging for externalities and the aim of encouraging the sustainable development of the air transport industry, there is a need to evaluate the social costs of these undesirable side effects, mainly aircraft noise and engine emissions, for different airports. The aircraft noise and engine emissions social costs are calculated in monetary terms for five different sized airports, ranging from hub airports to small regional airports. The number of residences within different levels of airport noise contours and the aircraft noise classifications are the main determinants for accessing aircraft noise social costs. The environmental impacts of aircraft engine emissions include both aircraft landing and take-off and 30-minute cruise. The social costs of aircraft emissions vary by engine type and aircraft category, depending on the damage caused by different engine pollutants on the human health, vegetation, materials, aquatic ecosystem and climate. The results indicate that the relationship appears to be curvilinear between environmental costs and the traffic volume of an airport. The results and methodology of environmental cost calculation could be applied to the proposed European wide harmonised noise charges as well as the social cost benefit analysis of airports.     

广东省农村客运的企业成本效益实证分析

文中在解析农村客运企业成本分类与构成的基础上,运用成本效益分析方法,对农村客运企业的营运成本、效益和盈亏平衡点进行分析,并在调查基础上,以广东省农村客运的企业成本与效益为实证案例,提出促进农村客运发展的对策与建议。     

城市轨道交通PPP招商运营收支预测研究

在PPP招商阶段,城市轨道交通项目运营收支预测直接关系到招标条款设置的合理性和政府补贴额预测的准确性.从运营收入、运营支出角度分析城市轨道交通PPP招商运营收支预测情况,系统梳理并阐述票务收入、非票务收入、各项运营成本、重置更新成本、车辆追加成本以及税费的预测分析方法,供行业内研究探讨,从而希望为城市轨道交通PPP模式发展和运用提供借鉴.     

迈阿密城市轨道交通工程概述及评估

概述美国迈阿密城市轨道交通系统,通过对其日客运量、营运成本和收入成本比等方面统计分析,评估了该城市轨道交通系统,并总结了其中值得借鉴的经验教训,以期为我国类似的城市轨道交通系统建设提供有益的借鉴。     

城市地铁车辆选型思考

以深圳市轨道交通为例,通过对深圳市地铁客流的分析,以及对A、B型车的建设成本与运营成本的比较,探讨城市轨道交通车辆选型的问题。最后得出结论：1）车辆选型应全线综合考虑,尽量选用建设及运营成本较经济的车型。针对局部区间运能不足的情况,应增强城市轨道交通线网布局,增强各运营线路的换乘节点数量,完善局部区域的城市综合交通体系,给市民的出行提供多种选择。2）车辆选型从节能方面应综合考虑整个运营期间的乘客满载率。3）因B型车车体的长度、宽度及线路曲线半经小于A型车,故从地铁站、区间、车辆段土建结构造价及工程拆迁成本,以及运营噪声和振动等方面考虑,如B型车能满足远期客流要求,选用B型车较A型车更能体现地铁绿色环保的价值。     

城市交通外部成本分析及内部化定量方法

从外部性入手,引出了城市交通外部成本的产生机理。并对城市交通中的交通拥挤、空气污染、交通事故这3方面产生的外部成本进行分析,提出了将交通拥挤、空气污染产生的外部成本内部化的方法。并运用算例进行分析,计算结果表明该方法在道路使用者承受能力的前提下是简单易行的。